MCDB 1A UCSB midterm 1 Questions and Answers New (2025/2026) Solved 100% Correct
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Module
MCDB 1A UCSB
Institution
MCDB 1A UCSB
Oswald Avery - ️️Identified the substance causing bacterial transformation. We now
know that the gene for the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polysaccharide
capsule, which makes the bacterial colony look "smooth," was transferred into the R
cells during transformation.
Nucleic acids ...
MCDB 1A UCSB midterm 1
Oswald Avery - ✔️✔️Identified the substance causing bacterial transformation. We now
know that the gene for the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of polysaccharide
capsule, which makes the bacterial colony look "smooth," was transferred into the R
cells during transformation.
Nucleic acids - ✔️✔️polymers specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of
genetic information. Two types- DNA and RNA. grow in the 3'-5' direction
DNA - ✔️✔️macromolecule that encodes hereditary information and passes it from one
generation to another. The information encoded is used to specify the amino acid
sequences of proteins and control the expression synthesis of other RNAs. Pentose
sugar is deoxyribose. Carries genetic information in its sequence of base pairs rather
than its three-dimensional structure. Double stranded helix, right-handed helix,
antiparallel, and has major and minor grooves in which the outer edges of the
nitrogenous bases are exposed.
RNA - ✔️✔️single stranded.
Nucleotide - ✔️✔️consists of a nitrogen containing base, a pentose sugar, and one to
three phosphate groups.
Phosphodiester linkage - ✔️✔️bond between two nucleotides. Occurs between the
phosphate group and the 3'-carbon on the last sugar
DNA replication - ✔️✔️exact reproduction of DNA. Done by polymerization using an
existing strand as a base-pairing template. Depends on base pairings of nucleic acids.
Involves entire DNA molecule.
Hydrolysis - ✔️✔️results in the breakdown of polymers into their component
monomers. Water reacts with the covalent bonds that link the polymer together. For
each covalent bond that is broken, a water molecule splits into two ions (H+ and OH-),
which each become part of one of the products. Releases energy.
Transcription - ✔️✔️Copies DNA into RNA. Depends on base pairings of nucleic acids.
Consists of initiation, elongation, and termination
Translation - ✔️✔️Uses the nucleotide sequence in the RNA to specify a sequence of
amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Gene expression - ✔️✔️overall process of transcription and translation.
, Genome - ✔️✔️complete set of DNA in a living organism
Genes - ✔️✔️The sequences of DNA that are transcribed into RNA
Frederick Griffith - ✔️✔️demonstrated that some substance in cells can cause heritable
changes in other cells. Dead pneumonia cells continued to cause heritable change in
other cells.
Condensation reaction - ✔️✔️(also called dehydration) results in the covalent bonds
between between monomers. A molecule of water is released when each covalent bond
is formed. Polymers form only if water molecules are removed and energy is added to
the system.
Hershey and Chase - ✔️✔️discovered that DNA, not protein, enters bacterial cells and
directs the assembly of new viruses.
Chargraffs rule - ✔️✔️In any DNA sample, the amount of adenine equals the amount of
thymine, and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine. As a result, the total
abundance of purines (A+G) equals the total abundance of pyramidines (T+C)
Watson and Crick - ✔️✔️proposed that the two strands in dna are antiparallel
Polynucleotide - ✔️✔️phosphate group at 5' end and OH- group at 3' end. 5' end is
paired with the 3'end of another nucleotide
Semiconservative DNA replication - ✔️✔️each parent strand serves as a template for a
new strand, and the two new DNA molecules have one old and one new strand. 2
steps- the double-helix is unwound to separate the two template strands and make
them available for new base pairing. As new nucleotides form complementary base
pairs with the template DNA, they are covalently linked together by phosphodiester
bonds, forming a polymer whose base sequence is complementary to the bases in the
template strand.
DNA primer - ✔️✔️a short single strand of RNA. it is complementary to the DNA
template and is synthesized one nucleotide at a time by an enzyme called primase.
DNA polymerase - ✔️✔️catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of each
strand.
DNA helicase - ✔️✔️uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind and separate the
strands, and single-stranded binding proteins bind to the unwound strands to keep them
from reassociating into a double helix.
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