Functionalist Approach - ANSWERSTake a consensus view. Education performs 3 main functions - socialisation into a shared culture, teaching specialist work skills, selecting people for work roles. Education is organised on meritocratic principles.
New Right Approach - ANSWERSTake a conservative v...
AQA Sociology - Education (Paper 1)
Questions & Answers
Functionalist Approach - ANSWERSTake a consensus view. Education performs 3
main functions - socialisation into a shared culture, teaching specialist work skills,
selecting people for work roles. Education is organised on meritocratic principles.
New Right Approach - ANSWERSTake a conservative view. Education should be based
on market principles.
Marxist Approach - ANSWERSTake a class conflict view. Education's role is to serve
capitalism. It's an ideal state apparatus that reproduces and legitimises inequality
through correspondence principle and myth of meritocracy.
Feminist Approach - ANSWERSTake a patriarchal view. Education still benefits the
male gender more.
Post-Modernist Approach - ANSWERSEconomy has become post-fordist. Education is
becoming more diverse and flexible.
Cultural Capital - ANSWERSThe knowledge middle class parents have that allows them
to navigate the education system to best benefit their children.
Centre for Longitudinal studies (2007) - ANSWERSBy the age of 3, children from
disadvantaged backgrounds are already up to one year behind those with more
privileged backgrounds. Gap widens with age.
Bernstein (1975) - ANSWERSSpeech codes. Restricted code used by the working
class. Elaborated code used by middle class.
Restricted Code - ANSWERSPrimarily working class. Limited vocab. Based on short,
unfinished, grammatically simple sentences. Speech is predictable. May only use single
word or gestures. Descriptive not analytic. Speaker assumes listener shares same
experiences.
Elaborated Code - ANSWERSPrimarily middle class. Wide vocab, grammatically
complex sentences. Varied speech communicating abstract ideas. Speaker makes no
assumptions so spell out meanings explicitly.
Douglas (1964) - ANSWERSWorking class parents place less value on education. Less
ambition for children, less encouragement, rarely/not visiting schools. As a result, WC
children have less motivation and lower achievement.
, Feinstein (2008) - ANSWERSParents education affects children's achievement.
Educated MC parents have a more disciplined, high expectancy parenting style, are
more aware of what is needed for progress, and can use income to promote success
(e.g. private tutoring). Uneducated WC parents have harsh, inconsistent parenting style,
less understanding of what is needed for progress, and little/no disposable income to
promote success.
Working-Class Subculture - ANSWERSMembers of the WC have different goals,
beliefs, and attitudes that clash with education.
Sugarman (1970) - ANSWERSThere are 4 key features of WC subculture that act as
barrier to educational achievement. Fatalism, Collectivism, Immediate gratification, and
Present-time orientation.
Fatalism - ANSWERSThe belief in fate. "What will be, will be". Nothing you can do to
change your fate so why bother approach.
Collectivism - ANSWERSValuing being part of a group more than individual success.
May lead to being held back by group loyalties.
Immediate Gratification - ANSWERSSeeking immediate pleasure rather than making
sacrifices and waiting for greater rewards in the future.
Present-time Orientation - ANSWERSSeeing the present as more important than the
future. Having no long-term goals.
Keddie (1973) - ANSWERSCriticism of cultural deprivation. Cultural deprivation is a
myth. It is victim-blaming, WC failure should actually be blamed on schools and their
dominant MC values and prejudices.
Department for Education (2012) - ANSWERSBarely 1/3 of pupils eligible for free
school meals achieve 5 or more A*-C GCSE's
How Poor Housing Influences Education - ANSWERSOvercrowding means less room
for educational activities, nowhere to work, and disturbed sleep. Temporary housing can
result in moving from school to school. Cold/damp housing can result in poor health
leading to more school absences.
Marilyn Howard (2001) - ANSWERSYoung people from poorer homes have lower
energy, vitamin, and mineral intake. This leads to more absences from school and
difficulties concentrating in school.
David Bull (1980) - ANSWERSThe cost of free schooling. Even though education itself
is free, equipment and experiences (such as school trips) cost money, so WC children
often miss out.
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