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Summary Grade 9 level revision notes on superpowers (edexcel igcse)
I used this document in my GCSE revision and it helped me to achieve a Grade 9 in my final history GCSE exam (edexcel igcse board).
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KHRUSHCHEV & HUNGARIAN UPRISING July1956 :
Nikita Khrushcmer becomes leader 1955 :
Geneva Summit
[
↳
openly criticises stalin Khrushchev believed communism is Austina should be governed was
↳ suggests
policies
peaceful co-existence
so superior that capitalism would
↳ Now
fail regardless so arguing was agreed here
↳ hope that tensions could be eased pointless ↳ failed to reach an agreement over
↳ seemedpossible because : disarmament & Germany's future
everyone had accepted the divided world (Iron curtain line) an attitude of peaceful co-existence
both sides knew that reducing the spending on armed forces would existed
1955 :
↳
be good
Warsaw Pact
for them economically
Communist decensive military alliance
( ↳
Some tension was
East & West
Short-lived-May 1955
reduced between
, West Germany
↳ countries involved were known as the 'Eastern bloc' joins NATO
↳ solely Soviet-led - Soviets
organised their own
1956 :
Hungarian Uprising Military alliance
background info : events :
Since 1945 Hungary ,
had been under right Soviet control ↳ Khrushchev's speech made a relaxation of the former
repressive regime possible
!
(after Nazi-liberation)
↳ key officials chosen by Stalin ↳ moderate recorms were introduced in Poland
↳ non-communist parties banned ↳ encouraging Hungarians to push for change
Hungarian Party Leader Matyas Rakosi
Communist : ↳
Hungarian people began to protest about :
↳Stalin supporter
, strong communist
-
> political creedom
lack of
↳ 300 000 Hungarians imprisoned 2 000 + executed ↳ problems created by poor harvests & fuel
, , , shortages
(1949 56)-
- Oct 1956 : Niots in Budapest police fighting
,
W the people
mu ↳ policy of destalinisation seemed to threaten the Warsaw
Strengthened his position in the many thought his speech pact
Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact would lead to a 'socter ↳ Red
Army sent in to restore order
approach but it didn't ↳ Rakosi was replaced with Imre Nagy
the failure of the uprising because he couldn't risk a " communist but believed there could be personal freedoms
reflected badly on the west domino effect amongst the ↳ end of Oct :
Nagy announced some recorms , including
↳ they were not
back up their encouragement of
willing to satellite states
↳ Hungary leaving
Khrushcher ordered a
the Warsaw pact and becoming neutral
Soviet Invasion of Hungary
rebellion with military support
Y
Nagy executed replaced
by Janos Kadar
,
- began ↳
20
, 000
4th Now
, control reestablished
Hungarians killed
described by Khrushchev as a 'lesson to the
leaders of all Socialist countries No military support was occered during the uprising from
the USA because they didn't want to interfere in the affairs of
countries that were already communist
,BREZHNEV DOCTRINE & PRAGUE SPRING
1948 :
pro-Soviet communist government established in Czechoslovakia 1968 : Alexander Dubcek becomes head of the Czech
↳ Stalin Supported the coup government
↳ under the rule of Klement Gottwald ↳ trusted to make the Czech government more
↳ leader of the crech communist party effective , less unpopular , completely loyal to
↳ life was difficult for the
crech people Soviets
the
↳ few consumer goods for the people - Dubcek believed a communist gov . Should
↳ no freedom of speech offer , socialism with a human face'
↳
Censorship .)
Cradio , newspapers etc 1964 Brezhnev replaces Khrushchev
:
↳ purges carried out between 1949 and 1954
↳ protests began against the Standard of living (student (26th Sept 1968) :
Brezhnev Doctrine
demonstrations) ↳ the actions of any individual communist country
Apr 1968 : Prague Spring affected all communist countries
↳ the recorms Dubcek introduced which included : ↳ is one country's action threatened another , it was
Spoplar
↳ relaxed censorship the duty of the other countries to stop that action
↳ trade with the West increased (saying that no liberal reforms would be made in
Y freedom to travel abroad any communist countries
↳ multi-party elections discussed (not for some time ↳
greater Soviet Control
popular with MOSCOW DC
with Czechoslovakian people, not :
↳ Brezhner was worried other Warsaw pact countries would want
similar recomm
C ↳ Yugoslavia was already recusing to accept control from Moscow
↳ Romania
didn't want to lose
recusing to attend Warsaw Pact meetings
Control of Czechoslovakia
↳ Warsaw Pact troops carried out manoeuvers in Czechoslovakia ordered
by Brezhnev
↳ to threaten Dubcel
↳ Dubcek invited the Crebelling) Romanian and Yugoslavian leaders to
talks in Prague
↳ Brezhnev now decided to act (20th Aug 1968)
, 000 Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia
↳ 50 , ending the
Prague Spring
↳ the invading forces were surprised by the hostility they faced
(they had been told it was an order from the Czech gov. .
↳ Dubcek arrested and forced reforms to reverse the
(1969) Dubcek replaced by Gustav Husak (Strong Communist & oppressive leader
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