ISP 203B-Exam 2 Questions With Solutions
Why is ground motion amplified by soft sediments when energy travels farther in more solid
crust? -Energy travels farther and is less damped out in a more solid crust (upper
lithosphere)
-Energy in the mid-continent travels farther than in the west bec...
Why is ground motion amplified by soft sediments when energy travels farther in more solid
crust? -Energy travels farther and is less damped out in a more solid crust (upper
lithosphere)
-Energy in the mid-continent travels farther than in the west because in the west the crust is
broken up and the lithosphere is hot
Earthquakes -Small earthquakes are more likely than large
-really large earthquakes are scarce
-earthquakes increase by a factor of 10 for each magnitude (Ex. a magnitude 8 is 10x more likely
than a 9)
Earthquake predictions -Long term-Based on the presumption that large earthquakes occur
at more or less regular intervals
-Seismic gap theory- a region which has not experienced an earthquake in a long time will have a
"gap," in large seismicity when plotted on a map
-Short term- based on dilatancy on the premise that stress has to accumulate before a major
rupture can occur
, ISP 203B-Exam 2 Questions With Solutions
P and S waves under Dilatancy -Small cracks open in stressed rocks
-this reduces P-wave velocity (many get filled with subsurface water)
-S waves do not travel through fluids, therefore they travel a lot slower
-The s wave (denominator) decreases a lot faster than the P wave (numerator)
Dilatancy related to observable precursory phenomena Dilatancy is the formation of small
cracks under stress caused by movements of the earths crust or due to magmas accumulating
beneath volcanoes
-Cracks can cause small earthquakes which can be recorded and located
-cracks allow gasses (volcanic or randon) to escape easier
-Cracks fill with water and water allows electricity to conduct more easily
-Cracks take up space so the ground may need to respond by uplift or tilting
-Density might decrease (air and water are less dense than rock)
Tsunami and run-up heights -Tsunami are caused by anything that displaces a significant
amount of water
-Underwater reverse, thrust and normal earthquakes; cataclysmic underwater volcanic eruptions,
underwater collapse of a side of a volcano, pyroclastic flows into shallow or small bays, other
large underwater landslides, and bolide (meteorite) impacts
, ISP 203B-Exam 2 Questions With Solutions
-Run up heights are controlled by the overall amount of displaced water and the geometry of the
coastline
Implications of the Japan Earthquake for the US -Outer part of the plate boundary zone
was locked
-Outer part of the subduction zone closes to the trench axis appears to be locked
-Earthquakes become bigger by increasing faults
-In the Japan 2011 earthquake had large displacements in a smaller area which caused a huge
tsunami
Aseismic Not capable of generating earthquakes
"Episodic Tremor and Slip" ETS it appears that movement is occurring in small jerky
steps
Cinder Cone Volcanoes Very small, made dominantly cinder fragments. Very loose piles
of small fragments
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