NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Exam Questions And Answers
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NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Exam
Questions And Answers
What order of magnitude is the size of a bacterium? 10^-6 or 1-10 micro meters
What is the structure and function of glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, pili?" Glycocalyces:
polysaccharides, or polysaccharides mixed with proteins
Flagella:...
NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Exam
Questions And Answers
What order of magnitude is the size of a bacterium? 10^-6 or 1-10 micro meters
What is the structure and function of glycocalyces, flagella, fimbriae, pili?" Glycocalyces:
polysaccharides, or polysaccharides mixed with proteins
Flagella: protein
Fimbriae: short proteins
Pili: protein tubes
Which of these structures are known virulence factors? Glycocalyx/capsule
Which structures contribute to biofilm formation? Glycocalyx (slime layer), fimbrae
Name the various types of flagella arrangements that can be used to identify bacteria.
Monotrichous (one), amphitrichous (one on both ends), lophotrichous (tuft), peritrichous
(360 degrees)
Which stain makes glycocalyces/capsules visible in the microscope? Negative stain
, NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Exam
Questions And Answers
How do spirochetes move? Corkscrew motion
Name the major components of a gram-positive/gram-negative cell wall. What is the appearance
of gram-positive/gram-negative bacteria? Gram positive cell wall: Thick layer of
peptidoglycan, containing unique polyalcohols called teichoic acids. Gram stain appearance is
purple. Gram negative cell walls: Thin layer of peptidoglycan, with an outer membrane
containing proteins, and lippolysaccharides. Produce endotoxins, and appear pink with the Gram
stain. The endo toxin is a lipid A molecule embedded in the outer membrane.
What are the structural features used for identification of bacteria? Arrangement of
flagella, capsule, shape and arrangement of cells, gram stain, endospores, inclusions, and specific
stains
What is the clinical importance of the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative
bacteria? Gram negative bacteria produce endotoxins (lipid A of lipopolysaccharides),
released when cells die. Some gram positive (and a few gram negative bacteria) produce
exotoxins, which are released by living cells; some exotoxins cause very severe symptoms. Gram
positive bacteria are susceptible to lysozyme and antibiotics that interfere with cell-wall
biosynthesis, e.g. penicillin, while gram negative b
, NWHSU Microbiology Midterm Exam
Questions And Answers
acteria are more resistant to lysozyme and penicillin and similar antibiotics
For which types of bacteria is the acid-fast stain used? Why is it needed? Organisms with
a cell wall that is rich in lipids and waxes. The two general that are acid fast include
Mycobacterium and nocardia. The acid fast stain is used because the walls are relatively
impermeable, so heat is used to drive the stain into the cell wall. The impermeable wall also
makes these organisms resilient to disinfectants.
How are cytoplasmic membranes of prokaryotes different from those of eukaryotes?
There's no cholesterol in the prokaryotic (bacteria) membranes
Know the fundamental principles of metabolism (terminology, energy, redox)
Metabolism: Sum of all biochemical reactions (in a cell or organism)
Anabolism: Sum of all biosynthetic reactions Catabolism: Sum of all degradative reactions
Catabolic pathways are oxidative and yield ATP Anabolic pathways are reductive and require
ATP
What gets recycled in fermentation for and for what purpose? NADH (to NAD+) for
glycolysis
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