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Pharm 124 - Pharmaceutics Midterm Exam Questions And Correct Answers
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Pharm 124 - Pharmaceutics Midterm Exam QuestionsAnd Correct Answers
API - ANSWER The active pharmaceutical ingredient.
Medicine - ANSWER This contains more than just the active ingredient, the drug, it is
transforming this into a form that is acceptable to the patient. This can include the
addition or stabilizers, sweeteners, excipients... This is the form o the drug that is ready
to use and is acceptable to the patient.
What is Dosage Form? What is the purpose of choosing a particular dosage form? -
ANSWER This is the form of the drug that is acceptable to the patient after the addition
of additives to make it work perfectly, this is the medicine in the form of a tablet, a
capsule, a suppository, a drink. Different dosage forms are required for many different
reasons.
The objective of this is to achieve predictable therapeutic response to the drug in the
formulation.
Coated Tablets - ANSWER These are used to protect the drug substances from the
destructive influences of atmospheric oxygen or humidity.
Enteric-Coated - ANSWER This is done to protect the drug substances form the
destructive influence of gastric acid after oral administration. This will keep it protected
and intact until it reaches the colon where it will be released.
Capsules and Flavoured Syrups - ANSWER These are used to conceal the bitter, salt or
offensive taste or odour of a drug substance. This is especially important when it comes
to children.
Suspensions - ANSWER These are used to provide liquid preparations of substances
that are either insoluble or unstable in the desired vehicle.
,Syrups and Solutions - ANSWER These are used to provide clear liquid dosage forms of
substances.
Controlled-Release Tablets - ANSWER These are used to provide rate-controlled drug
action. This can be used to reduce the number of times a drug needs to be
administered.
Ointments, Creams and Transdermal Patches - ANSWER These are used to provide
optimal drug action from topical administration sites.
Suppositories - ANSWER These are used to provide insertion of a drug into one of the
body's orfices.
Injections - ANSWER These are used to provide placement of drugs directly into the
blood stream or body tissue. This direct effect allows for it to have its effect faster. This
is also used for things that cannot be taken orally.
Inhalants and Inhalation Aerosols - ANSWER These are used to provide optimal drug
action through inhalation therapy. This is important for people w/ asthma and things like
pulmonary obstructive diseases
List the 3 Important Considerations for Dosage form Design - ANSWER 1.
Physiochemical properties of the drug
2. Biopharmaceutical considerations
3. Therapeutic considerations.
Physiochemical Properties of a Drug - ANSWER This is taken into consideration when
we consider dosage form design. This includes things like:
-structural properties
-dissolution properties
,-stability
ADME - drug Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination
Biopharmaceutical Considerations (give 3) - ANSWER This is taken into consideration
when we consider dosage form design. This includes:
-the intended site of action (systemic or topical)
-where the drug is absorbed
-what is the onset of action (immediate, sustained or pulse release)
Pharmaceutics - ANSWER This term covers a wide range of subjects including: physical
pharmaceutics, biopharmaceutics, dosage form and design, compounding and
manufacturing, pharmaceutical technology and manufacturing. This is the art and
applied science of dosage form and design. We are looking at the interface b/w drug and
body. Simply this CONVERTS A DRUG INTO A MEDICINE.
What is a Drug? - ANSWER An chemical substance used in the treatment, cure,
prevention or diagnosis of a disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental
well being. It is also said to be the medicinal ingredient, active ingredinet or the active
pharmaceutical ingredient. This is not the same thing as medicine.
Therapeutic Considerations - ANSWER This is taken into consideration when we
consider dosage form design. This is the nature of the disease state that is being
treated. This defines the:
-type of dosage form (is systemic or local therapy required for targeted delivery)
-route(s) of administration
-dose frequency and duration of action (chronic or episodic, chronics generally have
longer duration meds)
-patient characteristics (age, emergency conditions...)
Immediate Release - ANSWER Dosage forms that release the drug in a short time.
Sustained Release - ANSWER Designed to slowly release a drug in the body over an
extended period of time
, Pulse Release - ANSWER This is the controlled release of the drug that happens in
pulses, perhaps to go along w/ the body's circadian rhythm.
Estrogen - ANSWER This is indicated for hormone replacement for treatment of
symptoms of menopause. These are many dosage forms depending on what you want
including:
-tablets (Estrace)
-transdermal patch (Estraderm)
-transdermal gel (estrogel)
-vaginal ring (estring)
First Pass Metabolism - ANSWER The intestinal and hepatic degradation or alteration of
a drug or substance taken by mouth, after absorption, removing some of the active
substance from the blood before it enters the general circulation. This is usually about
20% of the drug. The rate of this depends on the structure of the drugs. Topical,
transdermal and injected dosage forms bypass the first pass metabolism. Drugs that
bypass this may allow for decreased dosage, and faster onset of drug action.
Structural Properties - ANSWER This is the form of the drug, is it crystaline, does it have
polymorphisms, polarity, degree of ionization.
Polymorphisms - ANSWER These are isomers of the drug, you can have the same drug
in different forms and this can be dangerous. In addition to this they can have very
different solubilities and have different crystal lattice energies.
Ie Indomethacin in an NSAID indicated for inflamation w/ forms A, B and C. They have
different properties and storage conditions can cause the form to change so you need
to be aware of this.
Dissolution Properties - ANSWER This is how fast a substance goes into solution as a
factor of time. This is dependent on may factors including:
-particle size
-solubility
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