NSG
6005 Pharmacology Fundamentals
Week 1 Exam Question and Answers
[100% Correct] 2025 Latest Release!!
What are the primary factors influencing drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?
Drug solubility, pH, gastric emptying time, and surface area.
Explain the role of the cytoc...
NSG 6005 Pharmacology Fundamentals
Week 1 Exam Question and Answers
[100% Correct] 2025 Latest Release!!
What are the primary factors influencing drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract?
Drug solubility, pH, gastric emptying time, and surface area.
Explain the role of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system in drug metabolism.
The cytochrome P450 enzyme system metabolizes drugs in the liver, influencing their activation,
deactivation, and clearance from the body.
What are the main phases of pharmacokinetics?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Describe how renal impairment can affect drug clearance.
Renal impairment reduces the kidneys' ability to excrete drugs, potentially leading to drug
accumulation and toxicity.
Discuss the difference between first-pass metabolism and systemic circulation.
First-pass metabolism occurs when a drug is metabolized in the liver before reaching systemic
circulation, reducing its bioavailability.
How does protein binding affect drug action?
Drugs bound to plasma proteins like albumin are inactive. Only unbound (free) drugs exert
therapeutic effects.
What is the therapeutic index, and why is it important?
The therapeutic index is the ratio between the toxic dose and the therapeutic dose of a drug. A
narrow therapeutic index indicates a higher risk of toxicity.
1
, What is pharmacodynamics, and how does it differ from pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacodynamics is the study of how drugs affect the body, while pharmacokinetics focuses on
the body's effect on drugs (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion).
Explain the concept of drug half-life and its clinical significance.
Drug half-life is the time it takes for the plasma concentration of a drug to reduce by half. It helps
determine dosing intervals and the time to reach steady-state concentration.
How do age-related changes impact pharmacokinetics in elderly patients?
Decreased renal and hepatic function, slower gastric emptying, and reduced protein binding in
the elderly can alter drug metabolism and clearance, increasing the risk of adverse effects.
What is a prodrug, and how does it become active?
A prodrug is an inactive compound that is metabolized into an active form once inside the body.
Explain how drug-drug interactions can lead to altered therapeutic outcomes.
Drug-drug interactions can enhance or reduce the efficacy of one or both drugs, leading to
therapeutic failure or toxicity.
Discuss the concept of drug tolerance.
Drug tolerance occurs when the body becomes less responsive to a drug over time, requiring
higher doses to achieve the same effect.
How does hepatic metabolism influence drug efficacy?
Hepatic metabolism can convert drugs into active or inactive forms, influencing their therapeutic
efficacy and duration of action.
What is bioavailability, and why is it important for oral medications?
Bioavailability refers to the fraction of an administered drug that reaches systemic circulation. It is
important for oral medications to ensure adequate therapeutic effects.
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