PADM 4170 Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2024/2025
Epistemology - ANSWERSBranch of philosophy which studies the theory of knowledge and how we know what to be true.
Propositional knowledge - ANSWERSKnowing something is the case thus, knowing that it is true. i.e.. Declarative sentence... it is ...
Epistemology - ANSWERSBranch of philosophy which studies the theory of knowledge and how we know
what to be true.
Propositional knowledge - ANSWERSKnowing something is the case thus, knowing that it is true. i.e..
Declarative sentence... it is true, I know that a triangle has 3 sides
Justified true belief: - ANSWERSo For someone to form a justified true belief about a certain topic, they
must have the requisite background knowledge
o Knowing required a legitimate justification- formed through analysis
o Form your belief through a justified method
Preconditions for knowledge - ANSWERSWhat do you need in order to demonstrate to others that you
know something?
Skepticism - ANSWERSo A Skeptic is simply someone who believes that certain things are unknowable.
o Some things are beyond our understanding... we don't have a way of knowing or concluding
something. God is real.
Radical skepticism - ANSWERSo Radical skeptics may say all "knowledge" is unknowable
Empiricism - ANSWERSo Knowledge is primarily gained through sensory experience- we have to believe
what we see (somewhat giving in and not questioning)
o Empiricism is the opposite of rationalism which is a belief that knowledge can be derived from pure
logic/reasoning OR pure mind
Quantitative Research - ANSWERSo Relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something
rather than its quality.
, o Qualitative - Starts with cases and their outcomes
§ Moves backward in time to find the underlying cause- what caused something to happen
§ Qualitative analysts adopt a ''causes-of-effects'' approach to explanation
o Narrower Scope
Qualitative Research - ANSWERSo Relating to, measuring, or measured by the quality of something
rather than its quantity.
o Most researchers will agree that the qualitative approach is important for explaining a unique event- If
an event never happened before and is unlikely to ever occur again
o You do this because, one get to the bottom of why it occurred and two how can we avoid this from
happening again
o Qualitative tends to focus on the combination of factors that are necessary to be present
The same factor could be positive or negative depending on context- it's like making a potion or dish,
one ingredient and how it reacts with the other.
o Broader scope
Mixed methods research - ANSWERSo Some aspects of the research that are better suited to qualitative
research while other aspects may be better suited to quantitative research
o Transit ridership increase with advertising... qualitative, why did you rise the transit? Quantitative,
looking at the ridership numbers... did they increase?
o Using both seems to work best in Urban Planning Research.
· "Truth wears off" concept - ANSWERSo What may be true at one given point may not be true at a later
point in time.
· Plato's Allegory of the Cave (skeptical argument) - ANSWERSo Envision people that are born are
shackled to the cave and then behind them there is a never-ending burning fire. All that they can see is
the cave wall in front of them and all that they ever experience in a person walking past them behind
them and their shadow on the wall. They assume the shadow are the people, and they hear noises
which they believe is speech. They experience real work, and their perception of people and language is
a dimmed reflection of reality.
o Postulates that it is possible that what we perceive are reflections of the truth but are not actually "the
truth"
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