FINAL EXAM (END 201, 202, and 203) Questions With Solutions
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Module
Electroencephalography
Institution
Electroencephalography
FINAL EXAM (END 201, 202, and 203)
Questions With Solutions
Founding Fathers of Neurological Testing o 1875 - Richard Caton records the first
electrical activity of a brain from animals
o 1890 - Adolf Beck identified the localization of senses on the brain with evoked potentials
o 1929 - Han...
FINAL EXAM (END 201, 202, and 203)
Questions With Solutions
Founding Fathers of Neurological Testing o 1875 - Richard Caton records the first
electrical activity of a brain from animals
o 1890 - Adolf Beck identified the localization of senses on the brain with evoked potentials
o 1929 - Hans Berger identifies the 1st recording of the electric field of the human brain
-Berger is known as the 'Father of EEG'
o 1951 - George D. Dawson demonstrated the evoked potential of an ulnar nerve
Evolution of neurological testing o Electroencephalogram (EEG)
-First recorded brain activity in humans in 1924 using a galvanometer designed for
electrocardiograms
o Evoked Potentials (EP)
-An expansion of EEG that records the brain's response to external stimuli of the nervous system
o Far Field Potential (FFP)
-An expansion of Evoked Potential that records the deep brain response to external stimuli
o Digitalization of Neurologic Testing
-The introduction of CT scans and MRI to show brain anatomy in the 1970's
-Electroencephalographs move from analog to digital recordings in the 1980s
, FINAL EXAM (END 201, 202, and 203)
Questions With Solutions
Diagnostic tests that evolved from the EEG o Evoked Potentials
-Record the brain's electrical response to motor and sensory stimuli
-Created by extracting the Evoked Potential during an ongoing EEG via photographic summation
o Types of Evoked Potentials include:
-Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)
•Records the brain's response to visual stimuli via the Optic Tract
-Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP)
•Records the brain's response to auditory stimuli via the Auditory Tract
-Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP)
•Records the brain's response to external stimuli via the Peripheral Nervous System
The evolution of the EEG from analog to digital o Analog EEG
-Recorded on paper using pens and ink
-Required frequent maintenance (i.e. paper, ink, calibration) to obtain a recording
-Required continuous monitoring by an EEG Technician
-EEG Records were at a minimum 120 pages long
o Digital EEG
, FINAL EXAM (END 201, 202, and 203)
Questions With Solutions
-Uses computer technology to record and save records
-Records are able to be viewed in different formats
-Allows for continuous recordings without an EEG Technician
-Recordings can be accessed remotely by physicians globally
-Computer data analysis enables additional insights which may have not been previously
identified
EEG is a brain function diagnostic test that provides valuable information to other neurological
fields o Neurologists
-Helps identify seizures, encephalopathies, tumors, sleep disorders, brain injuries, etc.
oNeurosurgeons
-Used to monitor patients before, after, and during surgeries
o Psychiatrists
-Helps to determine if the cause of a patient's problems are neurological
DIGITAL EEG o Digital EEG is providing the tech & physician with greater flexibility in
the recording & interpretation of the EEG
, FINAL EXAM (END 201, 202, and 203)
Questions With Solutions
o The following guidelines are in a format that examines the essential characteristics of digital
EEG systems
Acquisitions •EEG Amplifiers:
-A minimum of 25 electrode inputs (21 on the scalp, ground, reference & 2 extra) are
recommended and ideally, 32 electrode inputs (9 extra electrodes) should be available when
recording
Analog to digital conversion: •Horizontal resolution -a sampling rate of 3 times the
highest frequency being recorded as recommended
•Vertical resolution -a resolution of 16 bits or higher is preferred for precision
Disk space: •The data is compressed on acquisition & allows approx. 24 hours of EEG
data to be stored on a 1-gigabyte hard drive
Screen •The minimum recommended size for the display screen is 17" with specifications
of 100 pixels per second & a vertical resolution minimum of 2 pixels per millimeter
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