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Corrections theories- PCC, RNR, GLM Questions and Answers
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Corrections theories- PCC, RNR, GLM Questions and Answers The Personal, Interpersonal, and Community Reinforcement Perspective (PIC-R) The PIC-R is a general personality and cognitive social learning approach. It is a broad perspective, encompassing contributions of many theories and draws hea...

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  • October 27, 2024
  • 18
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • corrections theories pcc rnr glm questions and
  • the personal interpersonal and community reinfor
  • the pic r proposes criminal behaviour is acquired

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Corrections theories- PCC, RNR, GLM
Questions and Answers
The Personal, Interpersonal, and Community Reinforcement Perspective (PIC-R)

The PIC-R is a - answer general personality and cognitive social learning approach.
It is a broad perspective, encompassing contributions of many theories and draws
heavily on radical behaviourism and cognitive social learning theory.

The PIC-R proposes - answer criminal behaviour is acquired and maintained through
a combination of operant and classical conditioning, and observational learning.

pic-r Crime is understood based on whether the: - answer personal
interpersonal, and
community
supports for human behaviour are favourable or unfavourable to crime.

In clinical practice, without alteration of the personal, interpersonal, and community
sources of rewards and costs, long-term behaviour change is - answer unlikely

The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model (RNR)
Treatment model for offenders which led to the development of empirically derived and
effective treatments for a range of crimes. Created by Canadian researchers James
Bonta, Don Andrews, and Paul Gendreau. The model represents a model for the
prediction of... - answer risk and classification of offenders for treatment, based on
early observations that criminal behaviour can be predicted, that risk interacts with level
of treatment intensity and targets in influencing treatment outcome (i.e., recidivism), and
that these factors interact with offender based factors in influencing outcome.

RNR has the following aims and assumptions: - answer The primary aim of offender
rehabilitation is to reduce amount of harm inflicted on community.
Individuals will vary in their predisposition to commit crimes and this variation can be
predicted.
The level of risk is assumed to co-vary with the number and severity of criminogenic
needs.
The most important treatment targets are those research as being associated with
potentially reduced recidivism rates.
Individuals should be treated humanely, with research and treatment delivered in an
ethically responsible manner and offender rights are trumped only by community needs.

Risk
Intensity of services should be matched to the risk level of the offender

,The risk principle includes two aspects - answer the first is that criminal behaviour
can be predicted; the second involves the idea of matching levels of treatment services
to the risk level. It suggests that offenders at higher risk for reoffending will benefit most
from higher levels of intervention, including high intensity treatment, and that lower risk
offenders should receive minimal, routine, or no intervention.

Reasons for this (RISK) principle include: - answer Best use of resources
Dosage studies
'First, do no harm' (non-maleficence)

Risk factors - - answer Characteristics associated with an increased chance of future
criminal activity
The more that apply to an individual, the higher their risk

(see book)

Measuring Risk: The RoC*RoI
Risk can be measured using the Risk of re-Conviction X Risk of re-Imprisonment model
(RoC*RoI). This determines the risk a person will be reconvicted and imprisoned within
a five year period. The model is objective and relies entirely on criminal history
information - it is based on static predictors under 4 categories: - answer personal
characteristics
jail and time at large
seriousness of offending
offence type

Measuring Risk: The RoC*RoI facts - answer Computer scored - avoiding coding/
computer error
Generates exact probabilities of predicted outcomes (identified as a degree of risk e.g.
0-100% and not as a category e.g. low med high)
Developed using more than 133,000 offenders data.
AUC of .76 which is interpreted as the instrument being able to discriminate 76% of the
area under the curve plotted from the true false positive rate against the false positive
rate for serious reoffending.
The model applies equally well for; all ethnic groups, genders, age groups, persons
serving all sentences, and all offender categories - except for sexual offenders.
Is in the Level 1 assessment (first tier) of NZ Corrections department's e.g. done on all
offenders referred to the Department of Corrections for sentence enforcement.

Limitations of the RoC*RoI - answer Doesn't take into account overseas convictions
Is insensitive to change
No references can be made to clinical info which may be critical in assessing risk
Only assigns an individual to a group with a known risk level
Gives no treatment targets (however this isn't really a big deal because only a small
number of prisoners receive treatment anyway)

, Andrews and Dowden (2006) - Meta-analysis review of 374 experimental tests of
correctional treatment.
high vs low risk - answer Appropriate treatments delivered to high risk offenders
showed a modest correlation (r=.17) with reduced recidivism. Treatments delivered to
low risk offenders had hardly any effect (r=.03).
(check dosage studies in book)

Needs principle
Treatment and interventions should target criminogenic needs - answer The need
principle proposes that only those factors associated with reductions in recidivism (i.e.,
criminogenic needs) should be targeted in intervention. These are dynamic risk factors
that when changed, are associated with changes in the probability to recidivism. This is
compared to general (or non-criminogenic) needs. They are also dynamic and
changeable but are weakly associated with recidivism.

Research by Andrews and Wormith (1984) shows that increases in - answer pro-
criminal attitudes are associated with increased recidivism and recidivism decreases
when they hold fewer pro-criminal beliefs and attitudes.
NOTE: There is often overlap between what is criminogenic and non-criminogenic. The
practical importance of the needs principle is that these form the intermediate goals of
treatment.

Criminogenic needs = Dynamic Risk Factors: - answer History of antisocial
behaviour
antisocial attitudes
antisocial associates
antisocial personality

family/marital circumstances
school/ work
leisure/ recreation
substance use

Responsivity
Treatment and interventions should be evidence based and matched to the offender
The responsivity principle has to do with the: - answer style of programme delivery
and the programme context. It states that correctional programs should be matched to
offender characteristics such as learning style, level of motivation, and the individual's
personal and interpersonal circumstances.

General responsivity: - answer Style of intervention delivery & Evidence base = CBT
(usually). Asserts the general power of behavioural, social learning, and cognitive-
behavioural strategies. Some key components that are recommended include providing
treatments that is concrete, structured, practical and multimodal (e.g. approached in
different ways), reinforcement and consequences (e.g. disapproval with pro-social
alternatives).

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