Advanced Pathology NR 507 Final Exam || With 100% Accurate Solutions
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Module
NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Institution
NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Advanced Pathology NR 507 Final Exam || With 100% Accurate Solutions
Advanced Pathology NR 507 Final Exam || With 100% Accurate Solutions
The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - ANSWER - skeletal muscle
the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - ANSWER - ske...
Advanced Pathology NR 507
Final Exam || With 100%
Accurate Solutions
CONCEPTIAL RESEARCH | conceptialresearch@gmail.com
, Advanced Pathology NR 507 Final
Exam || With 100% Accurate Solutions
The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - ANSWER - skeletal
muscle
the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - ANSWER - skeletal
and smooth muscle
the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - ANSWER - smooth
muscle
simple obstruction of the GI tract - ANSWER - result from the blockage of the
intestine.
Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even ingestion
of inorganic objects that become lodged within the intestine.
intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more common
in children less than 2 years of age,
surgical adhesions are more common in adults.
Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common during the
toddler years.
Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as during a
paralytic ileus
peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER - ulcer formation in the GI tract that affects the lining
of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or lower part of the
esophagus (esophageal ulcer)
form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining
Risk factors for developing PUD include:
NSAID use.
Age greater than 65 years.
Genetic predisposition.
Alcohol ingestion.
the role of the stomach - ANSWER - to liquify food by churning it and using enzymes
and acid to assist in the breakdown
pylorus - ANSWER - a muscle like structure that squeezes food down into the
duodenum
can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers
,the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - ANSWER - secrets mucosa rich in
bicarbonate - it protects the lining of the stomach from acid
has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells
chief cells - ANSWER - secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin via the
action of hydrochloric acid
G-cells - ANSWER - releases gastrin
submucosa - ANSWER - on top of mucosa
contains connective tissue, nerves, and vessels
Muscularis Externa - ANSWER - on top of the submucosa
three smooth muscle layers: aid in peristalysis
serosa - ANSWER - on top of muscularis externa
outer layer of connective tissue that connects to organs
Good and Bad key players in peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER - Good: "defense
system"
bicarb = coats and protects cells
prostaglandins = regulates perfusion to stomach and mucus to release bicarb,
controls acid amount secreted by parietal cells
Bad: "toxic system"
ulcer (H. Pylori, NSAIDs, etc) = acid penetrates mucosa = histamine released =
parietal cells release even more HCL acid = more stomach irritation
HCL acid via parietal cells + Pepsinogen via chief cells = pepsin
Heliobacter pylori - ANSWER - spiral shaped bacteria that is the cause of most
gastric ulcers
produces urease which breaks down urea = ammonia & carbon dioxide = neutralizes
acid and breaks down mucosa
spreads through oral/oral or oral/fecal
Angle of His - ANSWER - Creates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux and makes
gastro esophageal junction longer which increases the pressure
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - ANSWER - A digestive disease in which
stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
, Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the pressure at
the gastro esophageal junction
big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out the
muscles around the stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap valve
Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal hernia,
gastroparesis, and obesity
heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms
chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are atypical for
classic GERD
Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and nausea
H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD
Barrett's esophagus - ANSWER - caused by exposure to enzymes coming from the
stomach - stomach acid does not cause this - so can have non-acid reflux Barrett's
esophagus
diaphram - ANSWER - a muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity
also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter
NSAIDs effect on gastric system - ANSWER - decreases production of
prostaglandins = impacts the health of the stomach
signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER - Indigestion & epigastric
pain (burning, gnawing or dull)
Gastric = eating food makes it worse (1-2hrs after), pain = dull & aching, weightloss,
sever: vomit = coffee grounds or frank red blood
Duodenal = eating food makes it better (3-4 hours after), wake in the middle of night
with pain, gnawing pain, severe: tarry dark stool
diagnosing peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER - scope of the stomach
upper GI series: drink barium to coat upper GI tract
CT scan of abdomen with contrast
H. Pylori = blood test, stool test, Urea breath test
Urea breath test - ANSWER - Patient ingests Urea with radio labeled Carbon
Measures exhaled radio labeled Carbon
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