MNE ANTH Exam 2 Questions & Answers 2024/2025
Resource dependency - ANSWERSHeavy reliance on one specific resource
Resource conflicts - ANSWERSare often about the exploitation, utilization, access and rights to manage particular bits of nature (all of which is highly geopolitical)
Resour...
Resource dependency - ANSWERSHeavy reliance on one specific resource
Resource conflicts - ANSWERSare often about the exploitation, utilization, access and rights to manage
particular bits of nature (all of which is highly geopolitical)
Resource exhaustion - ANSWERSResource depletion is an economic term referring to the exhaustion of
raw materials within a region.
Iron Age - ANSWERSthe period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and
weapons
Interstitial alloy - ANSWERSIn interstitial alloys and compounds, small atoms such a hydrogen, carbon,
boron and nitrogen are introduced into spaces between the lattice positions; this is the case with steels,
where small carbon atoms fit in the lattice structure of iron matrices
Substitutional alloy - ANSWERSThe term substitutional alloys are defined as the metal alloys that are
made by replacing one metal atom to another metal atom of the same sizes. The two metal substances
should be mixed to produce an alloy. The type of alloy that is determined to be formed is produced by
the mixing of the type and size of the substances.
Bloomery furnace - ANSWERSEarliest type of smelting furnace for iron. These furnaces did not actually
get hot enough to melt ores - iron ore was mixed with charcoal and silica flux and heated until it
produced slag (melted flux which absorbs impurities in the ore) which is then cool. After it cools, it is
known as bloom, and it is studded with iron droplets. The bloom is then struck with a hammer until the
droplets are able to be extracted. In order to be usable, the resulting iron must then be forged at high
temperatures.
Blast furnace - ANSWERSUses -a higher draft, which pumps in more air and heats the furnace hotter,
finally reaching the temperatures needed to fully melt the charge even if the ore contains no
phosphorus. This in turn allows the liquid slag to separate fully from the denser liquid iron, forming a
, glassy skim floating on the top which can easily be tapped off, and saving the labor of hammering the
iron out of the bloom. Also- the shape of the furnace, whose walls are angled inwards to reverberate
heat back into the interior efficiently, again increasing efficiency and further raising the temperature
Cast iron - ANSWERSThe impure molten iron taken from a blast furnace poured into a mold to make a
product, brittle but good for columns
Wrought iron - ANSWERSA tough, malleable form of iron suitable for forging or rolling rather than
casting, obtained by puddling pig iron while molten. It is nearly pure but contains some slag in the form
of filaments
Steel - ANSWERSA form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s
and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment. An
alloy of iron and carbon.
Bronze Age Collapse - ANSWERSA century of generalized turmoil around the ancient Mediterranean and
Middle East that began around 1200 BC. During this time the Hittite, Akkadian, Mycenean, Kassite, and
Egyptian empires fell, overrun by mysterious nomadic invaders known to history only as the Sea Peoples.
Some evidence suggests that the Sea Peoples also possessed iron weaponry.
Mercury amalgamation of gold and silver - ANSWERSA more efficient process of extracting gold and
silver from ores. Simply crush the ore, mix with mercury (mercury absorbs gold or silver), then burn
away the mercury. Made mercury a strategic commodity but was also extremely damaging to the natural
environment.
Energy density - ANSWERSAmount of energy relative to the mass of an object; coal had a much higher
energy density than any other fuel used in the preceding ages. stored chemical potential energu = less
fuel provided
Commercial Revolution - ANSWERSrefers to the time period characterized by a significant uptick in
international trade and overseas exploration
Coal rank - ANSWERSCoal is classified into four main types, or ranks: peat, brown coal, subbituminous,
and lignite (highest energy density to lowest energy density). The ranking depends on the types and
amounts of carbon the coal contains and on the amount of heat energy the coal can produce
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