Logical Validity correct answers Refers to the quality of researcher's arguments
Construct Validity correct answers Refers to whether the measures used by researchers assess/tests what they are intending to measure
Internal validity correct answers Refers to the researcher's ability to claim ...
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Logical Validity correct answers Refers to the quality of researcher's arguments
Construct Validity correct answers Refers to whether the measures used by researchers
assess/tests what they are intending to measure
Internal validity correct answers Refers to the researcher's ability to claim that any change in an
outcome is the result of treatment intervention and NOT the results of other factors related to the
sample, the measures, the techniques, and other possible potential threats. Experiments done in
lab settings.
External Validity correct answers Potential application of the results of the study, or
generalizability. Experiments that are done in the field
Reliability correct answers Measure must be consistent, repeatable and trustworthy
EXAMPLE: If a digital scale used records body mass higher than what the participant actually
weighs. Is this reliable and valid? correct answers The method is RELIABLE because the scale
displays the same weight, however, it is NOT VALID as the weight displayed is incorrect.
Five research elements used to distinguish a design correct answers 1. Are the people in the
study assigned to groups?
2. How many measurements are being used?
3. What types of measures are being used?
4. Is there an interest in generalizing the findings to other populations or settings?
5. Can you conclude that the findings are based on manipulation of the independent variable.
non-experimental design correct answers - Relies on the researchers interpretation
-CANNOT be used to determine cause and effect
-Often descriptive in nature
Classified as either:
--> Cross sectional: participants assessed at one point in time
--> Longitudinal: following participants over time
NO randomization to groups
NO groups to randomize to
NO manipulation of the independent variables
experimental group correct answers Receives treatment
Control group correct answers Receives placebo, flour pill
Pre-experimental Design correct answers -Simplest form of experimental research design
-Examine one group of individuals and provide an intervention during the study
, -NO control group
Although practical as it poses less burden to participants:
-Poor internal and external validity
-Less costly financially and in terms of time
-Difficult to identify relationships
Quasi-experimental design correct answers Participants are not randomly assigned, usually
because it is conducted in a setting where it is hard to randomly assign. (Children in a classroom)
-> this means there is low INTERNAL VALIDITY but high EXTERNAL VALIDITY
A. People are studied in real-world settings
B. An independent variable is introduced
C. Dependent variable that is measured
Quasi experimental repeated measure design correct answers Framework is economical in both
time and effort
Fewer participants needed
Fewer sources of variability
True experimental design correct answers Any study that is designed with random assignment of
participants, a control group, and manipulation of independent variable.
Cause end effect relationships whereby it is LOGICALLY determined that one factor has a
predictable influence on the other
randomized controlled trial correct answers Pre and post test only: Used to examine change in
the dependent variable that can be attributed to the independent variable
Post test only: independent variable is introduced to randomly assigned experiment group
participants, and then the effects of the treatment versus no treatment is tested.
threats to internal validity correct answers Threats that may alter the dependent variable separate
from the effects of the independent variable are considered threats to______________.
3 threats to internal validity correct answers 1. Threats related to experimental procedures
-Testing
-Instrument accuracy
2. Threats related to the treatment of manipulation
-Diffusion of treatments
-Halo effect
3. Threats related to participants
-Maturation
-History
-Regression
-Selection Bias
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