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BIO 219 EXAM 2: Questions With Complete Answers
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BIO 219 EXAM 2: Questions With Complete Answers
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BIO 219 EXAM 2: Questions With Complete AnswersCell sends a signal to itself Right Ans - autocrine
Cell sends a signal to a nearby cell Right Ans - paracrine
Cell sends a signal through junctions Right Ans - juxtacrine
Cell sends signal that travels long distances (through bloodstream) Right
Ans - endocrine
What physiological responses generate as a result of cell signaling? Right
Ans - survival, grow+divide, differentiation, die
What two things does signaling require? Right Ans - signal and receiver
What things are signals to cells but not molecules? Right Ans - heat,
motion/force, light
Signals that are molecules Right Ans - ligands
How do ligands send a signal? Right Ans - bind to receptors which undergo
allosteric change
What are cell surface receptors? Right Ans - transmembrane proteins
Ligands are _________ to their receptors because of protein-protein interactions
(non covalent int) Right Ans - highly specific
What can happen to signals inside the cell? Right Ans - amplified, regulated,
and distributed
What is a 2nd messenger in signaling? Right Ans - it is the 1st to leave the
membrane
What is the 1st messenger in signaling? Right Ans - ligand binds to, in the
membrane
,Which nucleotide is used for allosteric changes in signaling pathways?
Right Ans - GTP
GTP binding activates G-proteins via __________? Right Ans - allostery
How is GTP made? Right Ans - made in complex processes similar to the
ETC
What is GEF? Right Ans - guanosine exchange factor, assists as GDP leaves
and GTP enters
How do G-protein coupled receptors work? Right Ans - together with an
intracellular G-protein to transmit the signal
How do you turn off the signal? Right Ans - lose ligand, GTP-> GDP,
decrease 2nd messenger
Which of these nucleotides chemically changes a molecule by adding or
removing phosphates? Right Ans - ATP
What is RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase)? Right Ans - kinases move
phosphate from ATP to a recipient molecule, can do hydrolysis but not
synthesis bc there is not enough energy, phosphorylate each other to transmit
the signal transautophosphorylation
Is GTP hydrolysis exergonic or endergonic? Right Ans - exergonic, like ATP
hydrolysis
What is GAP? Right Ans - GTPase activating protein
How is ATP important in cell signaling? Right Ans - ATP is a nucleotide, can
donate a phosphate group to "flip the switch" via changing the chemical
properties of the recipient molecule
What do phosphatases do? Right Ans - they can remove the phosphate
group to inactivate the molecule
ATP is only made by the ...... Right Ans - ETC
, What happens to the phosphate that is removed by phosphatase? Right Ans
- can be transferred to another molecule or exists inorganically (Pi), it can
NOT be added back to ADP
What are intermediates in cell signaling? Right Ans - ATP and GTP, they
connect cell signals to nucleic acid biology and metabolism
What are ion-channel coupled receptors? Right Ans - when ligand binds
receptors, conformational change allows ions to flow into cell (changes
membrane potential in the cell)
What is a G-protein coupled receptor? Right Ans - a cell-surface
transmembrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein
What is a receptor tyrosine kinase? Right Ans - ligand binding activates
tyrosine kinase activity by autophosphorylation, may also work with G-
proteins
Why do we need to read the genetic code? Right Ans - to make predictions
about what is in the genome and what kinds of products are possible
TRUE or FALSE: every cell in your personal organism has the same genome
(>99.999% identical) Right Ans - TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: the entire genome codes for protein products Right Ans -
FALSE, stop codons/regulatory info/introns spliced out
what is the molecule that is the "recipe" for protein production Right Ans -
DNA
What is the process of going from DNA -> RNA and making a copy in the same
language Right Ans - transcription
What is the process of going from RNA -> protein in a different language
Right Ans - translation
What are some exceptions to the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis? Right
Ans - -not all proteins are enzymes
-not all RNAs code for proteins
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