GEOGRAPHY A LEVEL EDEXCEL PAPER 2 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
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Module
GEOGRAPHY A LEVEL EDEXCEL
Institution
GEOGRAPHY A LEVEL EDEXCEL
Globalisation - ANSWERSThe growing interdependence of countries, people and cultures worldwide through increasing connections including trade in goods and services and flows of capital, technology and ideas/
Shrinking world - ANSWERSAlthough physical distances around the world are unchanged, tec...
GEOGRAPHY A LEVEL EDEXCEL
PAPER 2 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Globalisation - ANSWERSThe growing interdependence of countries, people and
cultures worldwide through increasing connections including trade in goods and
services and flows of capital, technology and ideas/
Shrinking world - ANSWERSAlthough physical distances around the world are
unchanged, technology has massively reduced the time it takes to trade, travel, and
communicate globally.
Transport developments for globalisation - ANSWERS- Railways
- Aircraft
- Containerisation
ICT developments for globalisation - ANSWERS- Mobile phones/telephones
- The internet
- GIS/GPS
- Broadband/fibre optics
Political and economic organisations - ANSWERS1. World bank
2. International monetary fund (IMF)
3. World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Why were political and economic organisations needed post WW2? -
ANSWERSFollowing the second-world-war, the economically weak western nations
wanted to prevent the spread of communism from the east, which they saw as a threat.
These organisations were established for economic development, and to control and
oversee international agreements.
Tariffs - ANSWERSA tax placed on goods that are imported from other countries
Quotas - ANSWERSA limit placed on the number of goods that are imported from other
countries
Embargo - ANSWERSA ban placed on certain goods imported from other countries
,Subsidies - ANSWERSA sum of money granted by the government to help an industry
or business keep the price of goods low
WTO goal - ANSWERSThe WTO wants to eradicate barriers to trade
Free Trade - ANSWERSTrade without any restrictions
Free Trade process - ANSWERS1. Governments take away barriers that make trade
more difficult and costly.
2. As coasts are reduced, TNCs will see a profit and want to invest in nations.
3. TNCs will bring new ideas, products, cultures, etc. to a nation
4. Also the TNC will generate wealth.
5. Their wealth and development will increase standard of life and demand for foreign
products.
6. As an economy has more TNCs, they become more interconnected and
interdependent for each other.
Trading Blocs - ANSWERSCountries which group together to improve their economic
interest and trading patterns. They often do this by placing barriers to trade with
countries outside the group.
NAFTA - ANSWERSNorth American Free Trade Agreement
- USA, Mexico, Canada
- Population = 472m
- Combined GDP (PPP) = $20.2 tn
EU - ANSWERSEuropean Union
- Population = 508m
= GDP (PPP) $19 tn
MERCOSAR - ANSWERSSouthern Common Market
- Six full members
- Population = 289m
- GDP (PPP) $4 tn
- South America
OPEC - ANSWERSOrganisation of petroleum exporting countries
- A group of 12 major oil producing countries
- African, South American, and Middle Eastern members
- Control around 2/3 of global oil reserves
- They can make sure they get a fair price from oil consuming countries
ASEAN - ANSWERSAssociation of South East Asian Nations
- 10 countries formed in 1967
- Combined population of 625 million
- Combined GDP (PPP) = $3.6 tn
,- Seventh largest economy in the world
Social positives of trading groups - ANSWERS- Withing social and political unions
people are often free to live and work in the country of their choice within the union.
- Living standards go up as trade prospers
Social negatives of trading groups - ANSWERS- With relaxed borders it is easier for
illegal immigrants to move around within the bloc
- Legislation can limit workers as well as protect them
Economic positives of trading groups - ANSWERS- Trade blocs protect the are'as
economy from competition
- Free trade within the bloc
- Market access and trade creation
- Economies of scale
- Jobs may be created as a consequence of increased trade between member
economies
- Firms inside the bloc are protected from cheaper imports from outside.
- Inefficient producers within the bloc can be protected from more efficient ones outside
the bloc.
- Being within a trading bloc encourages FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT from TNCs
- Trading blocs can help companies grow
Economic negatives of trading groups - ANSWERS- The benefits of global free trade
can be lost as countries concentrate trade withing their trade area or bloc
- Trade blocs cost money
Environmental positive of trading groups - ANSWERSSocial and economic unions can
set high environmental standards
Environmental negative of trading groups - ANSWERSTrading blocs increase food
miles as the cheapest product within the bloc will be the most traded.
Political positives of trading groups - ANSWERS- Weaker disadvantaged peripheral
regions can be supported by the stronger areas.
- The incentives of trade and political cooperation help to reduce the chances of violent
conflict.
- Giving smaller, individual countries greater political influence when dealing with other
nations.
Political negatives of trading groups - ANSWERS- Trade wars
- Non-member countries of the trade bloc will be ostracised
- Loss of some financial controls to a central authority
- Trading blocs add another layer of government which costs money and add
complications for countries making their own decisions
- Loss of sovereignty
, - Some smaller regions don't like big government and this has led the drive to
SEPERATISM
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - ANSWERSan investment made by a company based
in one country, into a company based in other countries (money, people...)
Types of foreign direct investment - ANSWERS- Offshoring
- Foreign Merging
- Foreign Acquisition
- Transfer Pricing
Offshoring - ANSWERSSome TNCs build their own production facilities in 'offshore' low-
wage economies.
Foreign Merging - ANSWERSTwo firms in different countries join forces to create a
single entity
Foreign acquisitions - ANSWERSWhen a TNC launches a takeover of a company in a
different country.
Transfer Pricing - ANSWERSSome TNCs have sometimes channelled profits through a
subsidiary company in a low-tax county.
Government policies encouraging globalisation - ANSWERS- Neoliberalism
- Privatisation
- Enterprise Zones
New Global Regions - ANSWERSDeveloping/emerging economies
Privatisation - ANSWERSAllowing foreign investors to gain a stake in privatised national
services and infrastructure.
Neoliberalism beliefs - ANSWERS- Government intervention is markets impedes
economic development.
- As wealth increases, trickle down will take place from the richest to the poorest.
Open Door Policy (1978) - ANSWERSDeng realised that China needed Western
technology and investment, and opened the door to foreign businesses who wanted to
set up in China.
SEZ - ANSWERSSpecial Economic Zones in China, similar to UK enterprise zones.
Open Door Policy timeline - ANSWERS1. In 1978 Deng Xiaoping Began the open door
policy.
2. The first reforms were in rural areas - agricultural communes were dismantled and
farmers were allowed to make a small profit.
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