Mary Tudor - answer-tried unsuccessfully to reimpose
Catholicism
1. Daughter of Henry III and Catherine of Aragon.
2. She had earlier married Philip II, future heir to the Spanish
throne.
3. Mary rescinded reformation legislation of Henry's and
Edward's reign.
4. Marian exiles: Protestants f...
AP EURO
RENAISSANCE
AND
REFORMATION
TEST
AP EURO: RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION
Top dovctor
10-31-2024
,AP EURO RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION TEST
The crises of the 14th and 15th centuries hurt the prestige of
the clergy, Corruption in the Catholic Church, Critics of the Church: emphasized a personal relationship
with God as primary, christian humanism - answer-causes of the Protestant Reformation
Babylonian Captivity, 14th century, Great Schism: 1377-1417, Conciliar Movement to reform the church
and give a church council more power than the pope was rejected by several popes in the 15th and 16th
century - answer-The crises of the 14th and 15th centuries hurt the prestige of the clergy
simony, pluralism, absenteeism, sale of indulgences, nepotism, moral decline of papacy, clerical
ignorance - answer-Examples of Corruption in the Catholic Church
simony - answer-the buying and selling of church offices and positions,
• For example, in 1487 the pope sold 24 offices.
• Reformers were outraged that unqualified people
would become bishops or cardinals.
pluralism - answer-an official holding more than one office at a
time
absenteeism - answer-an official not participating in benefices
but receiving payment and privileges
Sale of Indulgences - answer-people paying money to the
Church to absolve their sins or sins of their loved ones
nepotism - answer-favoring family members in the appointment
of Church offices
The Florentine Medici's made their sons popes known as Leo X and Clement VII and Pope Paul III made 2
of his grandsons cardinals - answer-examples of nepotism in the church
Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503) had numerous
affairs and children out of wedlock.
• 20% of all priests in the diocese of Trent kept
concubines during the early 16th century. - answer-examples of moral decline in the church
clerical ignorance - answer-many priests were virtually illiterate
• Some abused their power such as trading sexual
favors for the absolution of sins during confession.
John Wycliffe - answer-Stated that the Bible was the sole authority
• Foreshadowed Martin Luther's views in the early
16th century
• Stressed personal communion with God
• Diminished the importance of sacraments
, • Translated the Bible into English
• His followers—Lollards—continued his ideas into the
16th century.
Erasmus - answer-The Praise of Folly, He criticized the corruption in the church and the
hypocrisy of the clergy.
• A contemporary remarked that "Erasmus laid the egg
that Luther hatched."
Valla in Italy,
LeFevre in France, Erasmus in much of Europe, and
Ximenes in Spain). - answer-people who questioned the Church
Christian humanists of the Northern Renaissance
criticized the church (e.g., Erasmus) and questioned the
validity of the Latin Vulgate (Catholic Bible), The Italian Renaissance was at times marked by a de-
emphasis on religion while emphasizing secularism and
individualism among high Church leaders, After Martin Luther's reformation, humanists turned
many monasteries into schools, The printing press facilitated the spread of humanism. - answer-impact
of renaissance
Johann Tetzel - answer-was authorized by Pope Leo X to sell
indulgences., Indulgences were payments that would reduce a person's punishment in Purgatory, or
perhaps the pain of a loved one who had already died, The pope was looking for additional revenues to
pay for
the construction of Michelangelo's dome atop St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. This infuriated Luther
95 theses - answer-Luther criticized the selling of indulgences but went further
than others before him by questioning the scriptural
authority of the pope to grant indulgences.
• Whether Luther actually nailed it to the
Wittenberg church door, or merely sent them to his
resident bishop instead, is a matter of historical dispute.
2. The printing press facilitated the spread of Luther's work with astonishing speed.
Luthers debate with theologian Johann Eck - answer-Luther denied both the infallibility of the pope and
the
infallibility of a general council.
b. Luther claimed that the Church had erred when it
executed John Hus for heresy.
c. This was the point of no return for Luther.
luthers beliefs - answer-He rejected "good works" as the means to salvation
but believed that "good works" followed faith.
b. The Bible was the sole authority (primacy of scripture).
c. Only two sacraments—baptism and communion—were valid.
• Rejected transubstantiation (the wine and bread in
the Eucharist transform into the actual blood and
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