PHAR 100 Final Exam Questions And Answers Latest Top Score.
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PHAR 100
Institution
PHAR 100
PHAR 100 Final Exam Questions And Answers Latest Top Score.
Drugs - correct answer. Any substance received by gical system that is not received for nutritive purposes and which influences the biological function of the organism. Means that chemicals, biological agents and herbal pr...
PHAR 100 Final Exam Questions And
Answers Latest Top Score.
Drugs - correct answer. Any substance received by a.biological system that is not
received for nutritive purposes and which influences the biological function of the
organism. Means that chemicals, biological agents and herbal products are all drugs.
When were the majority of clinically useful drugs developed? - correct answer. Over
the past 250 years.
Pharmaology - correct answer. The science of drugs, including their uses, effects
and mechanisms of action.
Key historical influences that have shaped modern pharmacology - correct answer.
The many discoveries made by ancient civilizations
The role of poisons in history.
The influence of religion.
Ancient Civilizations - correct answer. Healers existed in a number of ancient
cultures including Ancient Greece, Ancient Egypt and Ancient China.
Ancient Greece: Threophastus - correct answer. Threophrastus, a pupil of Aristotle
wrote a textbook on therapeutics that included opium.
Opium is obtained from the opium poppy.
Ancient Greece: Serturner - correct answer. A pharmacist working in Germany in
1803. Isolated crystals of morphine in opium and tested the pure substance. Discovered
it could relieve pain.
,What does opium contain - correct answer. Morphine, codeine
Morphine - correct answer. Opium contains approximately 10% morphine. Coined
from Morpheus.
Codeine - correct answer. Contains 0.5% codeine.
Ancient Egypt - correct answer. recorded on documents called papyri.
q
Ebers papyrus - correct answer. 1550 BCE: Intended to be a textbook of drug use
for medical students.
The papyrus contained mainy true observations on the use of drugs, especially
purgatives.
Senna- still used today
Ancient China - correct answer. Earliest recorded drug experiments come from
China in the year 2700 BCE. Shen Nung used to classify drugs according to taste.
Ma Huang was classified as a medium drug. Widely used for coughs, influenza and
fevers.
Ephedrine has been isolated from Ma Huang. Used to treat asthma. Can be used as a
decongestant.
Poisons: Curare - correct answer. Plant-derived drug. Historically used by
indigenous people in regions of the Amazon.
Curare: Use of a poison - correct answer. Indigenous peoples of the Amazon dipped
their arrows in curare for hunting. Acted upon voluntary muscles causing paralysis.
Curare: Use as a drug - correct answer. Used by Indigenous People inspired
allopathic medicine. Eventually used by anesthetics during surgery. Small doses could
relieve muscles. The structure has since been modified to make it safer.
Ergot - correct answer. A poisonous fungus that grows on the heads of rye.
Ground together with rye in the middle ages, finding its way into bread. Caused terrible
epidemics, killing as many as 20 000 people in Russia.
Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Nervous System - correct answer. Once it enters the
body, ergot targets the nervous system. Results in symptoms such as mental frenzy,
hallucinations and convulsions.
,Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Cariovascular System - correct answer. Ergot poisoning
can cause constrictions of blood vessels leading to fingers, toes and limbs becoming
starved of their blood supply.
Ergot: Effects of Poisoning; Reproductive System - correct answer. Can cause
violent contractions of the uterus.
Some midwives recognized that small amounts of ergot could be useful in hastening
labour. Used as early as the 16th century.
Physicians in the 1800s used ergot to expedite lingering labour. Could result in death.
Ergot: Use as a drug - correct answer. Ergotamine and ergonovine are the two
compounds derived from ergot with pharmocological uses.
Ergotamine - correct answer. Is useful in the treatment of migraines.
Ergotamine constricts the blood vessels preventing the pulsation of arterial blood
vessels that carry blood to the head.
Ergonovine - correct answer. Once used to hasten birth. Force of uterine
contractions may be too strong and parent may be injured by too rapid delivery of the
child.
Can be used to arrest uterine bleeding.
The Influence of Religion - correct answer. Traditional healers acted as both
physicians and priests. This results in therapy being heavily influenced on both religion
and magic.
Plants containing intoxicating substances were used by traditional healers to alter their
state of consciousness and facilitate communication with their gods.
Peyote - correct answer. A cactus used in Mexico to achieve a mystical state, linked
to spiritual and ritualistic use.
Contains a potent substance mescaline, which causes hallucinations, a feeling of well-
being and distortion of perception, similar to LSD.
Zinc Oxide - correct answer. Used in ancient times, considered of great importance
to therapies.
Found in a number of topical creams such as rash creams and calamine lotion.
, Roman Shipping Vessel - correct answer. Sunk off the coast of Tuscany around 120
BCE. Excavated in the 1980s and 90s, uncovering ancient roman medical tablets
sealed in tin containers.
Analysis of the medical tablets revealed a number of zinc compounds, iron oxide,
besswax, pine resin and other plant derived material.
About 25 % of the drugs used today are... - correct answer. derived from plant
sources, with the active substances being purified and then modified to be either more
effective or less toxic.
Drugs acting on the brain: discovery - correct answer. Albert Hofmann worked for a
Swiss pharmaceutical firm was involved in trying to synthesize improved pharmaceutical
products using ergot.
Synthesized LSD, similar in structure to ergotamine and ergonovine.
Drugs Acting on the Brain - correct answer. Alter the normal chemical signalling in
the brain.
LSD - correct answer. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide.
Classified as a controlled substance in the 1970s.
Drugs Acting On the Brain: Contribution to Pharmacology - correct answer.
Discovery of LSD psychedelic effects supported the idea that certain mental illnesses
may be due to the production of potent substances of the brain that produced
distrubance.
Drugs Acting Against Infectious Disease - correct answer. An infectious disease is
any disease caused by an organism.
1900s Organoarsenicals - correct answer. Paul Ehrlich: Designed complexes of
arsenic and organic molecules called orsanoarsenicals which selectively bound to
parasites.
Applied to other infectious diseases and led to cure for syphilis.
Syphilis - correct answer. A bacterial infection transmitted sexually through direct
contact with a syphilis sore. Easy to cure when diagnosed and treated early.
1930s: Sulfa Drugs - correct answer. Gerhard Domagk introduced sulfa drugs in
1930s Germany.
First synthetic drug used for treatment of bacterial disease.
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