Exam (elaborations)
68W ALC Phase 3, LPC Exam – Questions and Answers
68W ALC Phase 3, LPC Exam – Questions and Answers
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68W ALC Phase 3, LPC Exam –Questions and Answers
pharmacology - -study of substances that interact with living organisms
through chemical processes
- medical pharmacology - -science of substances used to prevent, diagnose
and treat disease
- indication - -reason or condition for which a particular medication is given
- dose - -amount of medication given within a specified period of time
- single dose - -amount of medication administered at one time
- maximum dose - -the largest amount of medication either as a single dose
or within a period of time
- cumulative dose - -sum of all single doses over either a lifetime or a period
of time
- strength - -amount of medication contained per tablet, capsule,
suppository, etc
- titration - -administering a medication with variable strength, interval, and
quantity to achieve and maintain a desired observable physiological effect
(pain ctrl)
- contraindication - -medical reason not to give a medication
- absolute contraindication - -medical reason to NEVER give a medication
- relative contraindication - -medical reason a medication should not be
given, but may be acceptable in certain circumstances
- allergy - -immune response in which there is a hypersensitivity response
induced by exposure to a particular medication
- side effect - -unintended, but not surprising consequence of a medication
which may require a medication dose be changed or discontinued
- therapeutic effect - -desired change in physiology for administering the
medication
, - therapeutic level - -blood level of a medication required to achieve the
therapeutic effect
- toxic level - -blood level of a medication which will cause tissue damage
- therapeutic range - -variable blood levels of a medication between the
therapeutic level and the toxic level
- therapeutic window - -range of acceptable DOSAGES of a medication
needed to keep blood levels within the therapeutic range
- peak - -when medication is at its highest concentration
- trough - -lowest blood level of a medication between doses
- half-life - -time it takes for the body to eliminate half the dose of
medication
- steady state - -relatively constant blood level of medication which is
sustained after 5-6 half lives of a medication
- tolerance - -when the body has adapted to having a medication regularly
and now requires a higher or more frequent doses to achieve the therapeutic
effect
- resistance - -when infectious organisms adapt to antibiotics and it takes
either higher doses of same medication or a change to a different medication
to kill the organisms
- metabolism - -process of the body to break down and eliminate
medications most metabolized by the liver or kidneys
- dosing interval - -recommended time period between doses of a
medication
- onset - -time until a medication's therapeutic effect begins
- duration of effect - -time until the medication's therapeutic effect wears off
- duration of therapy - -length of time a course of medication is continued to
ensure the desired effect is maintained
- dosing parameters - -the limitations, considerations, and instructions
required regarding a medication; helps achieve the desired physiological
response minimize side effects
, - Body weight, Comorbidities, Age - -What are factors that affect dosing
- Importance for patients to understand dosing parameters - --too little: not
achieve therapeutic effects
-too much: increased side effects/toxic levels
- Antibiotics - -Medications which kill or inhibit the reproduction of bacteria
- Gram Stain Testing - -Categorizes bacteria classification based upon
chemical properties in the cell's membrane.
- Gram positive - -Indicates the presence of peptidoglycan
- Peptidoglycan - -the substance that forms a tough, rigid structure of the
bacterium cell wall
- Gram Negative - -the cell membrane outer structure consists of a
cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a thin layer of peptidoglycan.
- Aerobic - -bacteria that thrives only in an oxygen environment
- Anaerobic - -bacteria that grow well in the absence of oxygen
- Viruses and fungi - -Antibiotics are not effective on what?
- Sexually or asexually - -How do fungi reproduce
- Penicillin - -Effective against gram positive aerobic organisms
- 1st Gen Cephalosporin - -Effective against gram positive bacteria
- 2nd Gen Cephalosporin - -Effective against gram positive bacteria
- 3rd Gen Cephalosporin - -Effective against both gram positive and
negative bacteria
- 4th Gen Cephalosporin - -Effective against both gram positive and
negative bacteria
- Cephalosporin - -Patients with allergies to PCN's have 10-20% risk of being
allergic to...
- Macrolides - -Stimulates motilin receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and
may cause diarrhea.
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