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NURS 642 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE COMPLETE RATED A.
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NURS 642 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE COMPLETE RATED A.
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NURS 642 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDECOMPLETE RATED A.
Slow Onset Pleural Effusion
✔✔Malignancy, Chronic Disease
Acute Onset Pleural Effusion
✔✔Iatrogenic, Traumatic
Pleural Effusion PE
✔✔Diminished lung sounds @ base when upright
Dullness to percussion
Decreased tactile fremitus
Pleural Friction Rub
Appears Anxious
Increased WOB: tachypnea, accessory muscle use
Hypoxemia
,Fever
Severe PE causes tracheal shift, confusion
Pleural Effusion Radiology Testing
✔✔CXR: Upright, PA/LAT preferred
Lateral Decubitis with affected side down to assess if fluid is free flowing
and may help identify small amounts
US: Provides target for thoracentesis, locates smaller effusions and
loculated effusions
CT: Non-contrast unless contrast is required for ddx (malignancy)
provides detailed assessment of lungs
Minimal Fluid Amounts for XRay detection
✔✔75mL Lateral
175mL PA
small volumes may be see in lateral decubitis view
,Transudative Pleural Effusion
✔✔D/T increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic pressure
Causes of Transudative PE
✔✔CHF
Cirrhosis
Hypoalbuminemia
Exudative PE
✔✔D/T Increased production of fluid d/t abnormal capillary permeability or
decreased lymphatic clearance from pleural space
Causes of Exudative PE
✔✔Malignancy
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Vasculitis
Lupus
Empyema
✔✔Infection and Pus in pleural space
, Hemothorax
✔✔Blood in pleural space
Chylothorax
✔✔Chyle in the pleural space d/t ruptured thoracic ducts
Types and Surface Glycoproteins of Influenza
✔✔Types: ABC
Surface Glycoproteins: H & N
Human Influenza Viruses
✔✔B & C
Influenza A
✔✔A is primarily Avian, but can infect human and other animals
Is further classified by H and N subtypes
Influenza High Risk groups
✔✔Young <24 months; 6 months-5 years
Older Adult >50
Long Term Care
Pulmonary Dx
Cardiac Dx
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