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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY: STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY: STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY: STUDY GUIDEEXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Psychological science - Answer-the study, through research, of mind, brain, and
behavior
Mind - Answer-mental activity; perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings
Brain - Answer-mental activity resulting from biological processes within the brain
Behavior - Answer-observable actions
Critical thinking - Answer-systematically questioning and evaluating information using
well-supported evidence
Amiable scepticism ("how do you know?") - Answer-a savvy consumer of scientific
research displays
Ignoring evidence (confirmation bias) - Answer-don't believe everything you think
Seeing relationships that do not exist - Answer-making something out of nothing
Accepting after-the-fact explanations - Answer-I can explain!
Taking mental shortcuts - Answer-keeping it simple
Nature/nurture debate - Answer-began with ancient Greek philosophers; consists of the
question "Are psychological characteristics innate (nature) or acquired through
experience (nurture)?"
Mind/body problem - Answer-consists of this question "Are mind and body separate, or
is the mind the physical brain's subjective experience?"; for Descartes, this question is
answered by dualism (mind and body are separate but intertwined)
Wilhelm Wundt - Answer-established the first psychology laboratory (in Germany, in
1879)
Mary Whiton Calkins - Answer-first women's psychology lab at Wellesley College
(1891); first woman president APA
G. Stanley Hall - Answer-established the first psychology lab in USA in 1883, Johns
Hopkins University
, Introspection - Answer-the systematic examination of subjective mental experiences
that requires people to inspect and report on the content of their thoughts
Structuralism - Answer-based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken
down into basic components
Functionalism - Answer-concerned with the adaptive purpose, or function, of mind and
behavior
Stream of consciousness - Answer-each person's continuous series of ever-changing
thoughts
Evolutionary theory - Answer-major influence on functionalism; adaptations are the
physical characteristics, skills, or abilities that increase the chances of reproduction or
survival and are therefore likely to be passed along to future generations
Sigmund Freud - Answer-was a neurologist; found that patients had physical symptoms
caused by psychological factors; proposed that much of human behavior is determined
by unconscious mental processes; developed psychoanalysis, an early form of
psychotherapy
Behaviorism - Answer-emphasizes the role of environmental forces in producing
behavior; pioneered by John B. Watson and further developed by B. F. Skinner
Gesalt Movement - Answer-arose in opposition to structuralism; the whole of personal
experience is different from the sum of its perceptions (constituent elements); influenced
many areas of psychology, including vision and personality
Humanistic psychology - Answer-focuses on the basic goodness of people and how
they become happier and more fulfilled
Cognitivism - Answer-psychology focuses on how thoughts influence behavior;
neuroscience studies neural mechanisms underlying thought, learning, and memory
Structuralism - Answer-identify basic parts, or structures, of the conscious mind
Functionalism - Answer-describe how the conscious mind aids adaptation to an
environment
Psychoanalytic theory - Answer-understand how unconscious thoughts cause
psychological disorders
Gesalt movement - Answer-study subjective perceptions as a unified whole
Behaviorism - Answer-describe behavior in response to environmental stimuli
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