Exam (elaborations)
RUTGERS GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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RUTGERS GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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RUTGERS GENERAL PSYCHOLOGYEXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Biological Neuroscientific - Answer-How the body and brain enable emotions,
memories, and sensory experiences.
Example) Biological; cognitive, clinical
Evolutionary - Answer-Natural Science of Traits. How the the natural selection of trains
has promoted the survival of genes
Example) Biological; developmental; social
Behavior Genetics - Answer-How our genes and our environment influence our
individual differences
Example) Personality; developmental; legal/forensic
Psychoanalytic - Answer-How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Example) Clinical; counseling; personality
Behavioral - Answer-How we learn observable responses
Example) Clinical; Counseling; industrial-organizational
Cognitive - Answer-How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
Example) Cognitive neuroscience; clinical; counseling; industrial organization
Social-Cultural - Answer-How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
What contributions did Wundt, Titchener, and James make to psychology? - Answer-
Wilhelm Wundt- First Psychological Laboratory(1879)
E.B Titchener- structuralism- the analysis of mental structures
William James-Functionalism- the study of how the mind works
What is introspection? - Answer-Introspection: is the examination of one's conscious
thoughts and feelings.
What is structuralism? - Answer-Structuralism: early school of thought promoted by
Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.
What is functionalism? - Answer-Functionalism: early school of thought promoted by
James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes
function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
What is hindsight bias? - Answer-The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome,
that one would have foreseen it.
, What is the scientific method? - Answer-A design to study to test the hypothesis
What is a hypothesis? - Answer-A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
What is an operational definition? - Answer-Statement about the procedure the
researcher used to measure a variable
What is a case study? How is it limited? - Answer-Descriptive technique in which one
individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
What is naturalistic observation? How is it limited? - Answer-A descriptive technique of
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to
manipulate and control the situation
What is the survey method? - Answer-Survey Method: asking people questions about
their thoughts, feelings, desires, and actions and recording their answers.
What are wording effects? - Answer-How the phrasing of question might affect people's
expressed opinions.
What is response bias? - Answer-influence the response of participants away from an
accurate or truthful response.
What is random sampling? - Answer-Everyone in the population has an equal chance of
being studied
What is the correlational method? - Answer-a measure of the extent to which two
factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
What are positive and negative correlations? - Answer-a statistical index of the
relationship between two things from (-1.00 to +1.00)
Does correlation indicate causation? What are the other alternatives? - Answer-Positive
Correlation: indicates a direct relationship, meaning that two things increase together or
decrease together.
For example) height and weight
Negative Correlation: indicates an inverse relationship. As on thing increases, the other
decreases.
Example) hours of tv watched.
Correlation does not indicate causation because correlations do not come with built in
cause-effect arrows.
What is experimentation?
What are IVs and DVs?
What are experimental and control conditions?
What is random assignment?
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