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manipulating genomes exam questionswith latest update
Which of the following statements about gene therapy is not correct? A. changes
resulting from gene therapy cannot be passed on to offspring B. germ-line gene therapy
affects the whole organism C. gene therapy is a form of genetic engineering D. somatic
cell gene therapy can only affect a limited number of cells [1] - Answer-A
which statement correctly describes a difference between somatic and germ line gene
therapy?
A. Germ line therapy involves the use of liposomes; somatic therapy involves use of
viral vectors. B. Somatic therapy can target specific tissues in need of treatment, germ
line therapy cannot
C Somatic therapy is most successful when targeting single gene defects, but germ line
therapy can target multiple defects.
D Long term success is theoretically more likely with somatic cell therapy than germ line
therapy. [1] - Answer-B
Fred Sanger developed an effective DNA sequencing technique in 1977. (a) Define the
term DNA sequencing. [1] - Answer-working out the sequence of nucleotides
) The speed at which DNA can be sequenced has been increasing rapidly since the
introduction of DNA sequencing. The length of DNA that can be sequenced in a given
time is measured in base pairs or kilobase pairs. In 1980, the speed at which DNA could
be sequenced by a single machine was approximately 500 base pairs per hour. In 2016
that speed had increased to approximately 50 million kilobase pairs per hour. Calculate
how many times faster the speed of DNA sequencing is in 2016 compared with 1980.[2]
- Answer-1x10 8
(c) One technique that has allowed the speed of DNA sequencing to increase has been
the development of nanopores. Fig. 21 shows how nanopores can be used to sequence
DNA. (i) State one development, other than nanopore technology, that has led to an
increase in the speed at which DNA can be sequenced. [1] - Answer-high through put
sequencing
(ii) Part of Fig. 21 is labelled G. Use the table below to identify two differences between
the part labelled G and the structure of a molecule of ATP. [2] - Answer-G: contains
guaninane
ATP: contains adenine
G: contains deoxyribose
ATP: ribose
G:1 phosphate
ATP: 3 phosphate
, (iii) Explain how DNA sequencing allows the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
to be predicted [2] - Answer-- order , of bases codes for , sequence / order , of amino
acids- each codon codes for one amino acid
(d) DNA sequencing can be used to determine the genome of an entire organism. The
first organism to have its entire genome sequenced was a virus. Ebola is a virus that
caused the death of over 11000 people in West Africa between 2014 and 2016. The
DNA of ebola virus has a rapid rate of mutation. Since the first outbreak in 2014
scientists have been working to develop an effective vaccination against ebola. Other
scientists have developed a portable nanopore sequencing technique that could be
used to sequence rapidly the entire ebola genome. Outline how DNA sequencing and
bioinformatics could be used to increase the effectiveness of a vaccination programme
against ebola. [4] - Answer-sequencing- (high) mutation (rate) means many , strains , of
virus exist; can predict (viral) , strain
bioinformatics- facilitates access to large amount of data; facilitates access to data on
DNA and proteins
Gene sequencing is an important technique in molecular biology. Fig. 3.1, of the Insert,
shows part of a computerised graph obtained from an automated gene sequencing
machine. • The section of the DNA molecule represented in Fig. 3.1 is from base
position 117 (on theleft of the graph) to base position 137 (on the right of the graph). •
The bases in the DNA sequence are labelled with four different coloured fluorescent
dyes. • The identities of some of the bases (117 to 119 inclusive and 129 to 137
inclusive) are indicated below the graph. (a) Use Fig. 3.1 to identify the order of bases
from positions 120 to 128. [1]
....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... .......
120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 - Answer-AAA TCT GGT ;
(b) To produce the type of graph shown in Fig. 3.1, the automated gene sequencing
machine needs to be loaded with the following: • the DNA to be sequenced • short
primer sequences specific to the DNA to be sequenced • many normal DNA nucleotides
• some chain-terminating DNA nucleotides labelled with coloured dyes • the enzyme
Taq polymerase. A regular cycle of temperature changes allows many DNA fragments
of different lengths to be built up by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fig. 3.2 (on
the next page) shows the end parts of the sequences of seven of these different length
fragments, labelled 1 to 7. The end parts of the sequences for fragments 1 to 4 are
complete but those for fragments 5 to 7 are not. These seven fragments correspond to
the last seven peaks on the right hand side of the graph in Fig. 3.1. The letters in boxes
represent labelled chain-terminating DNA nucleotides. The letters not in boxes repres -
Answer-T C T
(ii) Explain how the automated sequencing machine orders the DNA fragments from the
PCR reaction into the size order shown in Fig. 3.2. [3] - Answer-electrophoresis ;
(negatively-charged DNA) moves towards , positive electrode / anode ; smaller
(fragments) move, faster
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