PSYC 2700 Midterm 1 Exam Questions 100% Well Answered.
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Module
PSYC 2700
Institution
PSYC 2700
why study child development? - Answer - improve one's own child-rearing
- help society promote well-being of children in general
- better understand human nature
what is a theory? - Answer - a set of beliefs aimed at explaining facts
- facts: observable phenomena; do not change
- theor...
PSYC 2700 Midterm 1 Exam Questions
100% Well Answered.
why study child development? - Answer - improve one's own child-rearing
- help society promote well-being of children in general
- better understand human nature
what is a theory? - Answer - a set of beliefs aimed at explaining facts
- facts: observable phenomena; do not change
- theories: scientists' explanations and interpretations of facts
- theories present ideas that are testable, drive research; influence how we study an issue
- facts don't change; theories explaining facts may be improved or modified
psychological theories - Answer provide a model to understand thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
a psychological theory must: - Answer - describe some thoughts/emotions/behaviors
- make predictions about future thoughts/emotions/behaviors
recurring issues: - Answer - nature-nurture
- continuous-discontinuous
- universal and context-specific
nature - Answer biological endowment, especially genes from our parents
nurture - Answer physical and social environments that influence our development
nature-nurture - Answer - false dichotomy
- work together to shape development
,- ex. schizophrenia
continuous-discontinuous - Answer continuous: changes with age occur gradually in small increments,
development occurs skill by skill task by task, learning theorists - Watson, Bandura
discontinuous: changes with age include occasional large shifts, developments shifts result in qualitative
changes, stage theorists - Piaget, Freud, Erikson, Kohlberg
universal and context-specific - Answer universal: most people worldwide follow a similar
developmental path
context-specific: development is deeply intertwined with the context in which it occurs
four major theories of development: - Answer learning, cognitive development, evolutionary,
ecological
learning - Answer - emphasize role of experience
- rewards and punishment
- and learning from watching others
behaviorism - Answer - part of learning theory
- Watson and Skinner
- reinforcement: increases the future likelihood of the behavior
- punishment: decreases the future likelihood of the behavior
social learning theory - Answer - Bandura
- reinforcement & punishment are powerful
- but people also learn by watching others --> imitation, observational learning
ecological - Answer - stressed effects of context on development
- also emphasizes child's active role in selecting and influencing the contexts
- children's personal characteristics (temperament, intelligence, etc.) also influence development
- most prominent: Bronfenbrenner
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