Biology AQA Paper 1 Summary --- Includes Higher Triple topics, but will also work for Combined --- Paper 1 topics - Atomic Structure, Structure and Bonding, Quantitative Chemistry, Chemical Reactions, Energy Changes --- Includes Required Practicals and formulae --- Diagrams, bullet points and easy ...
NOT INCLUDED
Paper two topics
Units 6-10
• The Rate and Extent of
Chemical Change
• Organic Chemistry
• Chemical Analysis
• Chemistry of the
Atmosphere
• Using Resources
Good Lucka
, -
React rapidly with Seven electrons in Unreactive
Form covalent
-
Greater distance
-
-
-
oxygen/chlorine between nucleus compounds when the outer shell -
Full outer
-
React more rapidly and outer shell, reacted with -
Covalently bond shell
with oxygen/ gains electrons other non-metals with themselves -
Low boiling
chlorine down the less easily down to form a molecule point
-
Form ionic Boiling point Boiling point
group
-
the group compounds when
-
One electron in the Greater shielding increases down increases
reacted with
-
-
outer shell of outer shell, the group down the
metals group
-
Soft, low gains electrons -
RMM (size)
density -
Greater distance less easily down Relative increases down
between the positive the group molecular the group
nucleus and negative mass Less reactive
outer electron, outer down the group
electron is less Replace a less
attracted to the reactive halogen
positive nucleus and is from an aqueous
lost more easily solution of its
-
Outer electron is repelled salt **
by other negative
electrons in the internal Noble
*
energy levels (shielding), Gases
which increase down the
group, outer electron is Displacement reaction
**
sodium bromide fluorine- sodium
lost more easily fluoride bromine
Akal
+ +
Halogens
-
Less reactive
-
High density
than groups one
-
Can form ions
and two with different
-
Hard and strong positive charges
-
High melting
-
Form coloured
compounds
points (but -
Useful as
Transition metals catalysts
mercury)
METALS NON-METALS
-
Covalent bonds Metallic bonds Ionic bonds
React quickly with water
metal water >
-
metal hydroxide +
hydrogen
Non metals and non Metals and metals
-
Metals and non metals
Giant, layered structures = Atom one loses electrons
-
metals -
Two or more share
-
of atoms Electrons are transferred
electrons to achieve full Electrons in the outer
-
to atom two (or more)
outer shells shells are delocalised Now both are ions, with -
They overlap energy
-
Positive metal ions in a sea full outer shells
levels to share -
of delocalised-electrons The number of protons
electrons Held together with strong minus the number of
-
Strong bond electrostatic forces of electrons gives the overall
Alkali metals - Forms a molecule attraction (metallic bond) charge
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