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OCR A Level History AY319/01 Civil Rights in the USA 1865–1992 MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024 £8.76
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OCR A Level History AY319/01 Civil Rights in the USA 1865–1992 MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024

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OCR A Level History AY319/01 Civil Rights in the USA 1865–1992 MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024

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  • November 10, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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Thursday 23 May 2024 – Morning
A Level History A
Y319/01 Civil Rights in the USA 1865–1992
Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes




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, 2

SECTION A

Read the two passages and answer Question 1.


1 Evaluate the interpretations in both of the two passages.

Explain which you think is more convincing as an explanation of the impact of Malcolm X. [30]


Passage A

The most prominent black critic of the whole strategy of King was Malcolm X. He provided the main
critique of the direction of the Civil Rights Movement up to 1963. In fact, he went a lot further and
questioned the validity of the movement altogether. The demand for civil rights, Malcolm X asserted,
was based on the false assumption that it was desirable for black people to integrate with white.

From his northern perspective, Malcolm X saw nothing but white hostility to the black people in the
ghettos, and their treatment was little better than in the south. He saw the unemployment, crime, filth,
disease, prostitution and drugs of the ghettos. Many northern black people could identify with him
and did so, but his impact was clearly greater after his death. His achievement was to make clear the
depth of anti-black feeling in many parts of the USA and not just the Deep South.

He was scornful of the idea that black people should simply accept discrimination. In this way, he
certainly had an important influence on emerging Black Power thought; but he was not to live to
see its results. He could be viewed as a role model and many northern black people could identify
with him, but he brought tension and division to the movement. In rejecting the idea of integration,
Malcolm X and his followers were rejecting the central aim of the original Civil Rights Movement.

D. Paterson and D. and S. Willoughby, Civil Rights in the USA, 1863–1980, published in 2001.


Passage B

Malcolm X aimed to improve the lives of black Americans. His main methods were to advertise
and encourage critical thinking on race problems, some would say, to encourage racial hatred and
violence. Thurgood Marshall was particularly critical of the Nation of Islam which he described as run
by a bunch of thugs and of Malcolm X himself, asking ‘What did he achieve?’. Others pointed out that
while King and others put their lives on the line in places like Birmingham, Malcolm X stayed in safer
places.

Many considered him to be irresponsible and negative. He criticised civil rights activists like Martin
Luther King, but he never established organisations as effective or as long lasting as the NAACP*
or the SCLC**. His suggestion that blacks were left with no alternative other than violence seemed
negative, irresponsible and unhelpful. On the other hand, he drew attention to the dreadful conditions
in America’s ghettos, and he brought American blacks more closely in contact with oppressed black
people throughout the world. He became a black icon and role model for black youth, making black
nationalism in its various forms appealing to the angry generation of black youth. He inspired the
new generation of black leaders and the Black Power Movement. He was the first really prominent
advocate of separatism and what subsequently became known as Black Power during the great civil
rights era.

* NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

** SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conference

V. Sanders, Civil rights and Social Movements in the Americas post 1945, published in 2016.

, 3

SECTION B

Answer any two questions.


2* ‘Civil rights groups were the most important factor in the achievement of African American civil
rights in the period from 1865 to 1992.’

How far do you agree?
[25]


3* ‘Federal government did more to oppose than support Trade Union and Labour rights in the
period from 1865 to 1992.’

How far do you agree?
[25]


4* ‘The Plains Wars (1854–1877) were the most important event limiting the civil rights of Native
American Indians in the period from 1865 to 1992.’

How far do you agree?
[25]



END OF QUESTION PAPER

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