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OCR A Level History AY321/01 The Middle East 1908–2011: Ottomans to Arab Spring MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024 £8.75
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OCR A Level History AY321/01 The Middle East 1908–2011: Ottomans to Arab Spring MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024
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OCR A Level History AY321/01 The Middle East 1908–2011: Ottomans to Arab Spring MERGED QUESTION PAPER AND MARK SCHEME FOR MAY 2024

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  • November 10, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • ocr a level history ay32101 the middle east 1908

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Thursday 23 May 2024 – Morning
A Level History A
Y321/01 The Middle East 1908–2011: Ottomans to Arab Spring
Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes




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, 2

SECTION A

Read the two passages and answer Question 1.


1 Evaluate the interpretations in both of the two passages.

Explain which you think is more convincing as an explanation of the achievements of Nasser’s
social and economic policies. [30]

Passage A

The positive achievements of the Nasserist revolution were considerable. They included agrarian
reform, the building of the High Dam, substantial progress in industrialisation, the expansion of
education, health, and other social services, and the ‘Egyptianization’ of the country’s economic and
cultural life through the elimination of foreign domination. But these must be set against Nasser’s
overriding aim which was nothing less than the regeneration of Egypt’s national life. Despite some
terrible setbacks, especially at the end of his career, and the natural retribution suffered by excessive
ambition, Nasser did much to restore a sense of national dignity and self-confidence to the Egyptians
after centuries of humiliation.

Egypt made substantial progress in industrialisation during the 1950s and 1960s towards its long-term
objective of becoming the ‘Japan of Africa and the Middle East’. It was turning out a wide range of
heavy and light manufactured goods.

Although Egypt’s rural poverty had not been eliminated, it is doubtful whether collectivisation would
have achieved better results and the administration of the land reform areas was highly successful.

He was successful in inspiring a remarkable degree of loyalty and devotion from the Egyptians
which was invaluable in stimulating them to great exertion, as in the building of the High Dam or the
management of the Suez Canal, for little reward.

His principal failure was only another aspect of his powerful domination of Egyptian life: his rule
secured the consent but not the participation of his people.

P. Mansfield, Nasser and Nasserism, published in 1973.

, 3

Passage B

While the faithful may point to his advocacy of Arab nationalism and his commitment to the welfare
of the Egyptian masses, critics are not without an abundance of setbacks to dwell upon: the Yemeni
fiasco, which was dubbed Nasser’s Vietnam; his many regional quarrels, which consumed his
resources and attention; his failure to bring about a peaceful settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict;
the performance of his armies in 1956 and 1967; the failure of his agrarian reform; and his inability to
create a durable and viable base of power and legitimacy outside the sheer charisma.

Almost two decades of Nasserist rule did not eradicate the eternal problem of Egyptian poverty and
scarcity, and one of his dreams, ambitious in the Egyptian context, of making meat a regular feature
of the Egyptian diet, never materialised.

On a different track, his record is equally dismal. As an attempt at ideological change and
transformation Nasserism was abortive and the new society that he claimed to be his goal has yet
to be built. The feudalistic structure that he inherited may have been weakened, but the cultural
bias in favour of class, privilege and status that has always been part of Egyptian culture is largely
intact. A new generation of officers and technocrats came to power at the expense of landed feudal
aristocracy, but the hierarchical vision of the world and the deference towards power and its symbols
are still dominant in the Egyptian political landscape. He flirted with socialism, but in such a context it
never really had much of a chance.

F. Ajami, On Nasser and His Legacy, published in 1974.




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