Allele - answer✔one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at
the same place on a chromosome.
Mitosis - answer✔part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
Meiosis - answer✔Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
What matches the use of allele dominance in genetics? - answer✔In an allele pair, the effect of the
dominant allele is visible in the organism
Where are the eukaryotic chromosomes located in the cell? - answer✔in the nucleus
The central dogma of molecular biology states: - answer✔DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Transcription is the process that - answer✔Converts DNA into RNA
How many different nucleotides constitute the DNA molecule? - answer✔4
What is a ribosome? - answer✔A protein/RNA complex that translates RNA into protein
Transmission genetics: - answer✔The branch of genetics concerned with the mechanisms by which
genes are transferred from parent to offspring.
Molecular definition of a gene - answer✔A segment of DNA encoding a polypeptide (or an RNA chain)
Chromosomes - answer✔threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
DNA (Double Helix) - answer✔DNA polymer strands held together by H bonds
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - answer✔A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA and attached to ribosomes in
the cytoplasm; it specifies the primary structure of a protein.
Polypeptide - answer✔A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
general definition of a gene - answer✔The fundamental unit of heredity, which carries information from
one generation to the next
Alleles (variants) - answer✔different forms of the same gene that change their frequency in populations
forward genetic analysis - answer✔discovering genes that cause phenotypic variation
Steps for forward genetic analysis - answer✔1.Identify a biological trait of interest.
2.Find mutants that affect this trait.
3.Look for evidence that the mutants are caused by variation at a single gene.
4.Identify the DNA sequence of the gene.
Who is Gregor Mendel? - answer✔- Austrian monk
- trained in mathematics and natural history at university of vienna
- on his garden plot in the monastery, Mendel noted how characteristics in plants were passed on from
one generation to the next
19th century misconception - answer✔blending inheritance
blending inheritance hypothesis - answer✔Held that traits of mother and father were blended and
permanently changed in the offspring (like mixing paint)
problem with blending inheritance - answer✔it could not explain how two brown cows could make a
white calf; or how one brown and one white cow made a brown calf.
The keys to Mendel's success - answer✔1)He chose a good study species
a)Each mating makes many offspring (plenty of data)
b)Short generation time (data can be gathered fast)
c)Easy to arrange matings between plants
2) He looked at discontinuous traits
3) He studied true-breeding strains. Matings within true-breeding strains always produce offspring that
resemble their parents. Easy to find in peas, because their closed flowers normally prevent cross-
pollination, leading to highly inbred strains.
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