PVCC Bio 150 Lecture Exam 4 Questions and Answers 100% Solved correctly
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Module
PVCC Bio 150
Institution
PVCC Bio 150
pathogenesis of meningoencephalitis - ️️-enters nasal passages via swimming
(nasal lavage used to flush microbes)
-burrows into cells, multiplies into nasal cells
-move into brain low risk, highly fatal
blood-brain barrier - ️️partially made of astrocytes will wrap around blood vessels
...
PVCC Bio 150 Lecture Exam 4
pathogenesis of meningoencephalitis - ✔️✔️-enters nasal passages via swimming
(nasal lavage used to flush microbes)
-burrows into cells, multiplies into nasal cells
-move into brain low risk, highly fatal
blood-brain barrier - ✔️✔️partially made of astrocytes will wrap around blood vessels
for prevention of leakiness-prevents microbes from leaving vessels in CNS
nervous cells - ✔️✔️microglial cells (phagocytic cells, able to clean up dead cells and
debris in CNS)
Meningies - ✔️✔️connective tissue membranes cover the spinal cord and also cover
and protect the brain (dura, pia, arachnoid mater)
four defense systems of nervous system - ✔️✔️meninges, nervous cells, blood-brain
barrier, structural defenses
w Structural defenses - ✔️✔️bone (ex. skull around brain, vertebrae around SC)
-protects from traumatic injury and events
hat fluid is found between meningies? - ✔️✔️CSF
no - ✔️✔️there is __________ normal biota in the CNS and PNS
Meningeoencephalitis - ✔️✔️inflammation of the brain and meninges
-naegleria fowleri, found in warm water across the globe
Naegleria fowleri - ✔️✔️-amoeba (protozoan) that causes primary meningoencephalitis
(PAM)
-found in warm water across the globe
-very toxic to human cells, death in a matter of days
transmission of meningoencephalitis (Naegleria fowleri) - ✔️✔️-protozoan enters
through nose when swimming in contaminated water
-nasal lavage using contaminated water
-no risk if infected water is drunk
treatment for meningoencephalitis - ✔️✔️-not many cases so no exact treatment
-anti-fungal and/or sulfa drugs
-only 5-7 known survivors
,prevention of meningoencephalitis - ✔️✔️-avoid swimming related activities in fresh
water, plug nose when immersing head)
-avoid low water levels
-don't dig up dirt and sediment in warm fresh water
-DI water for nasal lavage
Toxoplasmosis - ✔️✔️-Toxoplasma gondii (protozoan)
-zoonotic disease, no affect in immunocompetent except for minor flu symptoms
-often fatal or very severe for immunocompromised and fetus
Prevention of toxoplasmosis - ✔️✔️-reduce risk from cooking food
-wash produce, gloves in garden, cover sandboxes
-
Treatment of toxoplasmosis - ✔️✔️-anti-parasitic
-#1 parasitic protozoan in the US (11% been infected)
-diagnosis made by serology
-can cause bizarre behaviors...potential link to schizophrenia
Tetanus - ✔️✔️Causitive agent: clostridium tetani, bacteria that forms an infective
spore
-spore germinates into vegetative state when O2 is low
-exotoxin: tetanospasm (released all the time and inhibits muscle contraction, blocks
inhibition)--> causes muscles to stay contracted
-clenching of jaw, arching back, respiratory compromise
pathogenesis of tetanus - ✔️✔️-spores enter body via deep puncture wounds/burns
-will not infect if skin is not broken
-anything that has been outside for a long amount of time will have more spores,
anaerobic conditions will allow germination
-tetanospasmin released and travels to spinal cord
prevention of tetanus - ✔️✔️-antitoxin vaccine series, T-dap/D-dap
-booster every 10 years or as necessary
Treatment of tetanus - ✔️✔️-antitoxin, maintain respiration and nutrition
-tetanus vaccine
-decreases the # of cases
Botulism - ✔️✔️-Causative agent: clostridium botulinum (anaerobic spore forming
bacteria)
-exotoxin-botulism toxin released all the time when it grows and reproduces
-nerve sends signal to muscle bot toxin blocks contraction
, -also used for BOTOX and individuals who have sweat disorders, migraines, wrinkles
Transmission of botulism - ✔️✔️Food: ingesting toxin
Wound: infection by bacterium that secretes the toxin.
Airborne: can be used as a bio weapon
Not spreadable from person to person.
infant botulism - ✔️✔️spores can be in honey and microbial antagonism will prevent
spore formation in adult, but infants do not have much microbiota in GI and spore can
become vegetative
prevention and treatment of botulism - ✔️✔️-antitoxin (antibodies from humans who
have previously been infected)
-gastric lavage for infants to wash organisms from the GI tract
-hospitalization (respiratory and cardiovascular support b/c muscles won't contract)
transmission of rabies - ✔️✔️Bite of infected animal
-infected saliva passed to a new host
(rare= contamination of mucous membrane, aerosol transmission, possibly through
corneal and organ transplant)
prevention of rabies - ✔️✔️-vaccine for those @ high risk of exposure
-stay away from animal acting strange or foaming at mouth
signs and symptoms of meningitis - ✔️✔️-same for all causative agents
-severe headache, painful/stiff neck, fever, nausea, vomiting, may be mistaken for flu
like symptoms
Prevention of meningitis - ✔️✔️-vaccines (will help prevent spread to those who can't
be vaccinated)
-lumbar and spinal tap to confirm infection
-broad spectrum antibiotics, shifted to narrow spec when agent is confirmed
Neisseria meningitidis - ✔️✔️bacterial meningitis, most cases in unvaccinated children
-transmitted through upper respiratory tract, moves into blood and then into meninges
-has a capsule and exotoxin
-prevention: vaccine and ceftriaxone protect contact
Cryptococcus neoformans - ✔️✔️fungi
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