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Criminology Exam 1 Test Review Questions with Complete Solutions
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Criminology Exam 1 Test ReviewQuestions with Complete Solutions
criminology - Answer-The scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of
criminal behavior.
deviant behavior - Answer-Actions that depart from the social norm. Some are
considered criminal, others merely harmless aberrations.
criminal justice - Answer-System made up of the agencies of social control, such as
police departments, courts, and correctional institutions that handle criminal offenders.
criminological enterprise - Answer-The various subareas included within the scholarly
discipline of criminology, which, taken as a whole, define the field of study.
valid measure - Answer-Measure that actually measures what it purports to measure,
measure that is factual.
reliable measure - Answer-A measure that produces consistent results from one
measurement to another.
victim precipitated homicide - Answer-Refers to those killings in which the victim is a
direct, positive precipitator of the incident.
white collar crime - Answer-Illegal acts that capitalize on a person's status in the
marketplace. May include theft, embezzlement, etc.
penology - Answer-Subarea of the criminology that focuses on the correction and
control of criminal offenders.
rehabilitation - Answer-Treatment of criminal offenders that is aimed at preventing future
criminal behavior.
mandatory sentences - Answer-A statutory requirement that a certain penalty shall be
carried out in all cases of conviction for a specified offense or series of offenses.
victimology - Answer-Study of the victim's role in criminal events.
precipitation - Answer-The thought pattern of the victim about what they did to
contribute to their own victimization.
classical criminology - Answer-Theoretical perspective suggesting that people choose to
commit crime and that crime can be controlled if potential criminals fear punishment.
, positivism - Answer-Branch of social science that uses the scientific method of the
natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological,
psychological, or economic forces that can be empirically measured.
sociological criminology - Answer-Based on the work of Emile Durkheim that focuses on
the relationship between social factors and crime.
anomie - Answer-Lack of norms or clear social standards. Because of rapidly shifting
moral values, the individual has few guides to what is socially acceptable.
socialization - Answer-Process of human development and enculturation. Socialization
is influenced by key social processes and institutions.
conflict theory - Answer-The view that human behavior is shaped by interpersonal
conflict and that those who maintain social power will use it to further their own ends.
critical criminology - Answer-Crime is a product of the capitalist system.
rational choice theory - Answer-The view that crime is a function of a decision-making
process in which the would-be offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an
illegal act.
trait theory - Answer-The view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or
psychological traits.
social structure theory - Answer-Criminality is a function of people's interactions with
various organizations, institutions, and processes in society.
critical criminologists - Answer-Examine how those who hold political and economic
power shape the law to uphold their self-interests.
crime - Answer-An act, deemed socially harmful or dangerous, that is specifically
defined, prohibited, and punished under the criminal law.
decriminalized - Answer-Having criminal penalties reduced rather than eliminated.
consensus view - Answer-The majority of citizens in a society share common values
and agree on what behaviors should be criminal.
criminal law - Answer-Belief that criminal behavior is defined by those in power in a way
as to protect and advance their own self-interest.
interactionist view - Answer-Those with social power are able to impose their values on
society as a whole, and these values then define criminal behavior.
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