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Criminology Exam 1 Questions and Answers Latest Update
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Criminology Exam 1 Questions andAnswers Latest Update
Classical Criminology - Answer-Criminal behavior is freely chosen. Crime is the result of
bad choices. (Examples?) Problem to be solved: design a system of punishment that
will make it too costly for them to commit crimes (3 Strikes)
Control theory - all people are naturally bad, all people will commit crime, absence of
controls explains crime. (so impose controls to solve it)
"You've decided to be a criminal, so you face severe consequences."
Ex: in nashville, it's a felony to steal a gun from a car. Scared away from committing
crime
Causes of crime (class notes):
classical -- choice, material gain, passion, greed
positivist -- power, upbringing, inequality, taxes, necessity, environment, support
systems
social constructionist -- legal structures
Positivist Criminology - Answer-Believe that criminal behavior is result of external forces
- family, school, peers, socioeconomic pressures.
Problem: identify causes of criminal behavior
Differential Association, Strain theories -- ??
Strain Theory -- certain strains or stressors increase the likelihood of crime (certain
societal structures)
Social Constructionist Approach - Answer-Looks at the behavior of criminal law. Crime
is socially constructed by the way criminal law is written and enforced. Problem:
Determine why some behaviors are illegal, why enforcement is different for some
groups of people than others.
Ex: bill introduced that would ticket the act of sagging one's pants.
Drug laws -- some states may decriminalize something while others may not
Social Conflict Theory -- individuals and groups within society interact on the basis of
conflict rather than consensus (caused by inequality)
What makes crime functional? - Answer-It tells us who were not
,It creates norms
brings social cohesion
creates jobs
2 types of crime - Answer-mala in se vs mala prohibita
mala in se crime - Answer-crime considered morally wrong (murder, sexual assault)
mala prohibita - Answer-crimes that are only wrong because they are against the law
(panhandling, vagrancy laws)
Criminology - Answer-scientific study of crime
is a social science
3 domains of study -- crime, victimization, and punishment
researchers employ a number of research methods
Criminology is Multidisciplinary and changing -- laws, reactions to offenses, etc, are
constantly changing
Motivation to commit crime -- opportunity, controls, motivation
consensus perspective - Answer-laws reflect general agreement (or consensus) in
society about what is and is not acceptable behavior
conflict perspective - Answer-law reflects the interests of those who are most powerful
in society.
difference in punishment depending on level of income?
Crime vs. Deviance - Answer-• Crime: an act, or the omission of an act, that is a
violation of a federal, state, or local criminal law
• Deviance: behavior that departs from the social norm but is not necessarily criminal
Harm Principle - Answer-Position that only that which causes harm to other people,
such as physical injury, violations of privacy, or monetary loss, can justify
criminalization.
Not all non-conforming acts are criminal
Three requirements of crime - Answer-???
, Criminal law - Answer-offense against the state or federal government
two types -- mala prohibita and mala in se
Civil law - Answer-disputes between parties
autofill: the system of law concerned with private relations between members of a
community rather than criminal, military, or religious affairs.
Etiology - Answer-the study of the causes of something
Quantitative Research - Answer-relies on statistical evidence
Qualitative Research - Answer-uses non-numerical data
perception vs reality of crime - Answer-The public has a tendency to believe that crime
is worse now than in the past. In reality, crime is much lower now than it was decades
prior.
news, crime reports, social media can influence our perceptions on crime. perception
can even influence criminal justice system, laws.
Levels of Criminological Research - Answer-upside down triangle. macro = nation,
micro = individual.
Dark figure of crime - Answer-Crime that is not reported to the police and that remains
unknown to officials.
Crime reporting programs - Answer-Another upside down triangle.
Starts at all crimes occurring in society (including dark figure) -> crimes reported to law
enforcement --> crimes of arrests --> crimes where prosecutor files charges --> crimes
of conviction --> crimes where there's probation/fines --> crimes resulting in jail or prison
sentence
UCR - Answer-Uniform Crime Report
Provides data of crime known to law enforcement + crimes where an arrest is made.
longest running source
originally had data of 8 criminal offenses -- violent crimes of murder and nonnegligent
manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, and the property crimes of
burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
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