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Criminology Exam 2 Review Questions with Latest Update
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Criminology Exam 2 Review Questions with Latest Update
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Criminology Exam 2 Review Questionswith Latest Update
What are the four major components to sociological theories? - Answer-1. Social
2. Groups
3. Structure
4. Behavior
How do sociological theories view individual behavior? - Answer-We can't predict the
behavior of an individual person but we can predict the behavior of groups
What did the Chicago School observe in Chicago? how did it relate to the rest of the
U.S? - Answer--Researchers from the University of Chicago Sociology Department
- Chicago can adequately represent the United States as a whole
- Critical of micro-explanations of crime
*Research on populations: University of Chicago researchers saw rapid changes in
population and a shift from rural to urban areas of Chicago*
Discuss the concentric zone model developed by Park & Burgess. What did the model
show? - Answer-They split the city into zones and asserted that the core area is where
the newest and poorest people live. They argued that the core would be the area with
the highest crime rate
What did the Chicago School demonstrate? - Answer-Crime is a product of social
disorganization within urban areas.
What did Social Disorganization Theory argue about human behavior? - Answer-
person's physical and social environment is responsible for decision making.
What type of theory is Social Disorganization Theory? What does it attempt to explain? -
Answer-Macro-level theory
-we are attempting to explain why communities have higher crime rates than other
communities.
What are some of the assumptions to Social Disorganization Theory? - Answer-1.
Social Organization: organized communities are able to effectively address issues in the
community.
2. Crime is the result of: disorganization. Crime results when institutions fail to address
these issues.
3. Crime results when: a community is unable to organize and act collaboratively.
In Shaw & McKay's Five distinct zone model, what are some of the key takeaways from
their research? - Answer--Crime was concentrated in the core of the city
*-crime decreased as you moved away from the core*
, -crime pattern persisted over time regardless of the ethnic group
According to Shaw & McKay, what are the three factors that lead to social
disorganization? Discuss each of these three factors. - Answer-1. Residential Instability:
population turnover- people who did not stay long did not care for the communities
2. Race & Ethnic Heterogeneity: racial and ethnic groups will isolate themselves from
one another.
3. Poverty: communities with less money will have weaker communities.
What is the "Code of the Street" (referred to by Elijah Anderson)? - Answer-when a
community becomes so disorganized with criminal traditions and
values, these new values compete with conventional values.
What is the concept of Collective Efficacy (discussed by Sampson et al.)? - Answer-
*residents and community leaders working together to address issues in the
neighborhood*
-Higher income communities and higher homeownership have higher collective efficacy.
-Social capital must be present
Routine Activities Theory is a subsidiary of which theory? - Answer-Rational Choice
Theory- focuses on situations of crime
According to Routine Activities Theory, what are the three conditions that must
converge in space and time for crime to occur? Discuss the key principles of each. -
Answer-*1. Motivated offender*
-they weigh the costs of their decisions
-every person is motivated to commit a crime
*2. Suitable target*
-*Target's value*: the victim have to have some kind of benefits to the person
-*Inertia*: person's size/physical attribute
-*Visibility*: is the target foreseeable?
-*Accessibility*: could the person get away with the crime
*3. Effective guardianship*
-offenders prefer to be alone with their target
-guardianship can include anyone capable of witnessing the crime
-the presence of a guardian is enough
-guardianship is defined by a person's social ties
Discuss some social changes in the United States that influenced Routine Activities
Theory? - Answer--it has influenced suitable targets and guardianship
1. increase in female workforce
2. unsupervised children
3. income changes
4. technology (such as camera)
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