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Criminology Exam 2 Questions with Verified Answers
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Criminology Exam 2 Questions with Verified Answers
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Criminology Exam 2 Questions withVerified Answers
3 types of stigma according to labeling theory - Answer-1. Physical Blemishes- physical
features that make someone stand out as different
2. Character Blemishes- faults in personality and behavior- not always visible. But when
they are found out, they can be just as detrimental as physical blemishes
3. Tribal Stigma- someone receives due to being a part of a certain race, country or
origin (ethnicity), religion. Something you don't have control over
Goffman is associated with what theory - Answer-labeling theory
Impression Management - Answer-the idea that there is no true self. we decide how we
want to be perceived each and every day- around different people and in different
places
Merton- Self-fulfilling prophecy - Answer-When you are labeled, you live up to that label
whether it's good or bad
Constructionist Perspective - Answer-believes that crime is created by society. We
cannot assume that all criminals share the same characteristics. The only thing we
know for certain that separates criminals from non-criminals = THE LABEL
deviance and _____________ is a perfect storm - Answer-crime
Lemert and 2 types of deviance - Answer-Primary Deviance- Criminal action that results
in initial contact with the criminal justice system
Secondary- any deviance that happens after you've been labeled by the criminal justice
system. increase in criminal behavior
**Labeling theory can explain secondary deviance
Degradation Ceremonies - Answer-after negative label applied- people go through this-
can be formal/informal in which the person's identity is publicly redefined. (individual is
stripped of their identity and provided with a label)
Differential Enforcement - Answer-levels of enforcement may be different across groups
of individuals depending on their label
(law is applied differentially- is a law applied unequally/unfairly, if so- to who's benefit?
Borrow from conflict theorists- conflict perspective on how we create law. They say this
is based on those in power.)
Deviance Amplification - Answer-application of labels and degradation ceremonies
increase the likelihood of future deviance. In society- if you commit a crime, that's a
public record- you cannot hide. If we just ignore the label, less crime would occur
, Pager's Research - Answer--over 2 million individuals incarcerated in the US
-95% of all inmates will be released eventually
-Over 12 million ex-felons in the US = 8%
-Research Question: What are the consequences of incarceration for employment
outcomes of black and white men?
Pager's Findings - Answer-Whites WITH a criminal record had 2xs greater chance to be
considered than;
Blacks WITHOUT a criminal record
White men w/o a criminal record: 34%
White men w/ a criminal record: 17%
Black men w/o a criminal record: 14%
Black men w/ a criminal record: 5%
which theorist developed the Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory - Answer-
Farrington
Which theorist is most associated with conflict theory - Answer-Max Weber
restorative justice- Braithwaite - Answer-a system of mediation and conflict resolution
that is aimed at repairing the damage done by the offender and his/her crime to both the
victim and the community
who was the first Marxist criminologist - Answer-Bonger
most famous peacemaking criminologist - Answer-Quincy
egoistic vs. altruistic - Answer-egoistic- people who are concerned with their own
welfare and not that of others
altruistic- concerned with the welfare of others
explain the hypothesis associated with increased female participation in crime - Answer-
1. Masculinization Hypothesis- As society has greater gender equality, females begin to
shed tradition societal roles for more masculine role. Most importantly is the role of
breadwinner. Necessity = why crime occurs. Role in society
2. Emancipation- increases of gender equality lead more women into the workforce =
more opportunity to commit crime. Change in society
3. Economic Marginalization- gender cap in pay created a need for women to offend
because they are at an economic disadvantage= need to commit crime to make up for
that disadvantage
4. Staying Alive- why on average, women are far less likely to commit crime. Why?
They are more risk adverse than men. Women are biologically driven to be more
invested in parents than are men.
Peacemaking Criminology - Answer-idea that punishment increases violence
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