PHAR 100 MIDTERM EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
What is a drug? - Answers - any substance received by the body for non-nutritional purposes that influences biological function
What is pharmacology? - Answers - study of drugs, their u...
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PHAR 100 MIDTERM EXAM COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
|ALREADY GRADED A+
What is a drug? - Answers -✔✔ any substance received by the body for non-nutritional
purposes that influences biological function
What is pharmacology? - Answers -✔✔ study of drugs, their uses, effects, and
methods of action
What was the influence of Ancient China on pharmacology? - Answers -✔✔ -
experiements in 2700 BC
-emperor Shen Nung classified drugs by taste
-Ma Huang was used for cough, flu, fever
How is Ma Huang relevant today? - Answers -✔✔ -ephedrine was isolated from it,
which is used to treat asthma
-a derivative of ephedrine is used as a decongestant
What was the influence of Ancient Egypt on pharmacology? - Answers -✔✔ -Ebers
Papyrus from 1550 BC intended to be a medical textbook
-contains lots of true information, especially on purgatives (cause bowel movements)
-Senna recommended for use (still in products today)
What was the influence of Ancient Greece on pharmacology? - Answers -✔✔ -380 BC
Theophrastus (a pupil of Aristotle) wrote a therapeutics textbook that involved opium
What did Serturner do? - Answers -✔✔ -isolated morphine crystals, tested them on
himself, found pain relieving properties
-coined name "morphine" from Morpheus, God of Dreams
What is the influence of religion on drug use? Give an example. - Answers -✔✔ -some
drugs are used to alter the state of consciousness and communicate with gods
-ex. Peyote cactus in Mexico (effects similar to LSD)
What are two examples of poisons that have resulted in drugs? - Answers -✔✔ 1)
Curare
2) Ergot
,What is Curare used for as a poison and as a drug? - Answers -✔✔ Poison:
Indigenous people of the Amazon dipped arrows in it (it acts on voluntary muscles;
causes paralysis and death)
Drug: used for anesthesia because it relaxes muscles, structure has been modified to
make it safer
What is Ergot used for as a poison and as a drug? - Answers -✔✔ Poison: grew on
head of rye and ended out in bread, causing mass epidemics of hallucinations, loss of
limbs (due to low blood flow), and violent uterine contractions
Drug: two active principles- ergotamine and ergovine
What does ergotamine do? - Answers -✔✔ useful in treating migraines; thought to
constrict blood vessels and lessen pulsations in arterial blood vessels that cause
migraines
What are examples of drugs that act on the brain? - Answers -✔✔ reserpine,
chlorpromazine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), anaesthetics (nitrous oxide, ether)
What does ergonovine do? - Answers -✔✔ used to hasten birth but was stopped due to
possible injury of the mother from rapid delivery; still used to stop uterine bleeding after
childbirth
What are reserpine and chlorpromazine and what are they used for? - Answers -✔✔ -
extracts of the rauwolfia plant
-used to calm mentally ill patients (from anxious/tense/hostile to placid/tranquil)
-social benefit because patients were able to return to their families and work
What is lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and why is it important? - Answers -✔✔ -
synthesized by Albert Hofmann
-similar in chemical structure to ergotamine and ergonovine
-discovery of psychedelic effects supported the idea that some mental illnesses were
due to potent substances in the brain
What is nitrous oxide and how was it first used? - Answers -✔✔ -anaesthetic that
lessens pain perception
-discovered in the 1840s by Wells, a dentist who watched a performance where a guy
took laughing gas, got in a fight, and didn't notice he gashed his leg
-Wells tried it in dental procedures
What is ether and how was it first used? - Answers -✔✔ -1818 Faraday pointed out its
properties similar to nitrous oxide
-Morton was interested in anaesthesia and practiced with ether on himself and animals
-he asked the professor of surgery to try it and they did
-first operation under ether was at the Massachusetts General Hospital
,What are some examples of drugs that act on infection diseases? - Answers -✔✔
organoarsenicals, sulfa drugs, penicillin, streptomycin
Who discovered organoarsenicals and what do they do? - Answers -✔✔ -Paul Ehrlich
made complexes of arsenic and organic molecules in the 1900s
-organoarsenicals selectively bind to parasites, leading to a dramatic cure for syphilis in
the early 20th century
Paul Ehrlich is known as the "Father of ______" - Answers -✔✔ Chemotherapy
Who discovered sulfa drugs and what do they do? - Answers -✔✔ -Gerhard Domagk
introduced them in 1930s Germany
-first synthetic drugs to treat bacterial diseases, termed "antibacterial" compounds
What is the difference between an antibacterial compound and an antibiotic compound?
- Answers -✔✔ antibiotic= chemical substances produced by microorganisms
antibacterial= synthetic compounds
Who discovered penicillin and what does it do? - Answers -✔✔ -Alexander Fleming
discovered penicillin (the first antibiotic) and introduced it into medicine during WW2
-major use was the therapy of gram-positive bacterial disease
Who discovered streptomycin and what does it do? - Answers -✔✔ -Selman Waksman
discovered streptomycin
-caused a turning point in tuberculosis and gram-negative bacterial disease treatment
What are the stages of drug development and around how long do they take? - Answers
-✔✔ 1) Drug Discovery (3-6 years)
2) Clinical Trials (6-7 years)
3) Health Canada/FDA Approved Drug (0.5-2 years)
What are the sub stages of the Drug Discovery phase, what are they useful for, and
how many compounds are involved? - Answers -✔✔ 1) Research and discovery of
target
-discovery of lead compounds
-up to 25000 compounds
2) Preclinical testing
-determine safety and potential efficacy
-up to 30 compounds
What are the sub stages of the Clinical Trial phase, what are they useful for, and how
many compounds are involved? - Answers -✔✔ 1) Phase I
-determine safety and tolerability
-5 to 30 compounds
2) Phase II
, -determine effectiveness, safety, and pharmacokinetics
-2 to 3 compounds
3) Phase 3
-determine effectiveness and safety
-one drug
What are the sub stages of the Health Canada/FDA Approved Drug phase, what are
they useful for, and how many compounds are involved? - Answers -✔✔ 1) Health
Canada Review and Manufacturing
-drug approval and production
-one drug
2) Phase IV
-tests long term safety
-one drug
What steps are required to start clinical trials? - Answers -✔✔ 1) submission of proof of
safety in several animal species to the government regulatory agency
2) a detailed methodology of the proposed clinical trials in humans is required
3) the submission is carefully evaluated by scientists; if they are satisfied permission is
given to highly qualified investigators to begin the trials
Explain a Phase I Clinical Trial. - Answers -✔✔ -conducted in a limited number of
healthy volunteers
-ADME and adverse effects are studied
-one or two doses is administered to measure tolerability
Explain a Phase II Clinical Trial. - Answers -✔✔ -conducted in a limited number of
patients with the targeted condition
-determines if the drug is effective in treating the condition
-careful attention is payed to drug safety
Explain a Phase III Clinical Trial. - Answers -✔✔ -also called "controlled randomized
clinical trials"
-used for licensing and marketing of the drug
-large number of volunteers (>1000) in many locations for longer
-most expensive part (1mil-50mil or more)
-to determine if the drug is safe and effective
What are the fundamental elements of a Phase III Clinical Trial? - Answers -✔✔ 1)
Target Population
2) Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
3) Ethical Considerations and Consent
4) Study Population Randomized Allocation
5) Treatment
6) Control (placebo/gold standard)
7) Blinded Assesssment
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