PHAR 100 Module 1 REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS)|AGRADE
humans have used drugs since before recorded history. Early written records from
_____, and _____ provide a glimpse of the ancient traditions of drug use. - Answers -
✔✔ China, Egypt
A few useful drugs e.g. opium; were identified over _____ years ago. - Answers -✔✔
2000
The majority of clinically useful drugs have been developed over the past _____ years
with the advent of the experimental biological sciences, including pharmacology. -
Answers -✔✔ 250
Drugs - Answers -✔✔ any substance received by a biological system that is not
received for nutritive purposes, and which influences the biological function of the
organism.
Includes chemicals, biological agents, and herbal products
pharmacology - Answers -✔✔ the science of drugs, including their uses, effects, and
mechanisms of action
3 examples of key historical influences on modern pharmacology - Answers -✔✔ 1. the
many discoveries made by ancient civilizations
2. the role of poisons in history
3. The influence of religion
The history of pharmacology might appear to be only a few decades old, however,
______ existed historically in all traditions and cultures of ancient times. - Answers -
✔✔ healers
Ancient Greece's:
In the year 380 BCE, ______ , a pupil of Aristotle, wrote a textbook on therapeutics that
included ______. - Answers -✔✔ Theophrastus, opium
opium is obtained from the ______ - Answers -✔✔ opium poppy
______ , a pharmacist working in Germany in 1803, isolated crystals of ______ from
opium and tested the pure substance on himself and three companions, discovering its
pain relieving capabilities - Answers -✔✔ Serturner, morphine
,opium contains two important substances: - Answers -✔✔ morphine, codeine
opium contains approximately ______ % morphine - Answers -✔✔ 10
Serener coined the name morphine from ______ , god of dreams - Answers -✔✔
Morpheus
Morphine is able to relieve pain of very ______ intensity. - Answers -✔✔ great
Acetylsalicylic acid (______ ) and acetaminophen (______ ) will only relieve mild to
moderate pain - Answers -✔✔ Aspirin, Tylenol
opium contains ______ % codeine. - Answers -✔✔ 0.5
codeine is a constituent of ______ , a prescription drug in Canada - Answers -✔✔
Tylenol-3
the use of ______ in ancient times has resulted in the discovery and development of
drugs still used today - Answers -✔✔ poisons
curare - Answers -✔✔ a plant-derived drug, historically used by indigenous peoples in
various regions of the Amazon rainforest in South America
How did indigenous peoples of the Amazon use curare? - Answers -✔✔ They dipped
their arrows in curare to use as a poison for hunting.
What is the effect of curare on animals? - Answers -✔✔ Curare acts upon the voluntary
muscles of the animal, causing paralysis and eventually death by respiratory paralysis.
How did indigenous peoples' use of curare inspire allopathic medicine? - Answers -✔✔
Indigenous peoples' use of curare inspired allopathic medicine by eventually leading to
its use by anesthetists during surgery.
How did curare benefit surgeons during surgery? - Answers -✔✔ Curare, when given in
small doses to patients, achieved muscle relaxation, facilitating the surgeon's work.
What modifications were made to the structure of curare to make it safer? - Answers -
✔✔ The structure of curare has been modified to create safer derivatives, which are
used by anesthetists today.
in ancient societies, traditional healers acts as both ______, and ______, resulting in
therapy being heavily influenced by both religion and magic - Answers -✔✔ physicians,
priests
,how were intoxicating plants used by traditional healers - Answers -✔✔ in most parts of
the world, plants containing intoxicating substances were used by traditional healers in
order to alter the state of consciousness and facilitate communication with their gods
Peyote - Answers -✔✔ A cactus that produces a potent substance called mescaline,
which causes hallucinations
hallucinations - Answers -✔✔ a feeling of well-being, and distortion of perception
similar to that experienced with LSD
LSD - Answers -✔✔ lysergic acid diethylamide.
a potent hallucinogenic drug that acts on the brain
What is the historical significance of zinc oxide? - Answers -✔✔ In ancient times, zinc
oxide was considered important in therapies and was found in ancient Roman medical
tablets.
What was discovered in a Roman shipwreck off the coast of Tuscany related to zinc
oxide? - Answers -✔✔ Analysis of the medical tablets from the Roman shipwreck
revealed zinc compounds, iron oxide, starch, beeswax, pine resin, and other plant-
derived materials.
Where are zinc oxide found in modern topical creams? - Answers -✔✔ diaper rash
creams and calamine lotion
What percentage of drugs used today are derived from plant sources? - Answers -✔✔
About 25%
What marked the era of chemical synthesis for drugs? - Answers -✔✔ The 19th
century
most drugs discovered or introduced into therapy in the 19th century were... - Answers -
✔✔ small molecules obtained by chemical synthesis in the laboratory
two major categories of drugs discovered throughout history - Answers -✔✔ -drugs
acting on the brain
-drugs acting against infectious disease
drugs that act on the brain alter the __________ in the brain - Answers -✔✔ normal
chemical signalling
Who discovered LSD? - Answers -✔✔ Albert Hofmann
, What was Albert Hofmann's role when he discovered LSD? - Answers -✔✔ He worked
for a Swiss pharmaceutical firm and was involved in trying to synthesize improved
pharmaceutical products based on components of ergot.
When was LSD first synthesized? - Answers -✔✔ In 1943
LSD & ergotamine/ergonovine? - Answers -✔✔ LSD was similar in chemical structure
to ergotamine and ergonovine.
What did the discovery of LSD's psychedelic effects support? - Answers -✔✔ The idea
that certain illnesses might be due to the production of potent substances in the brain
that could produce psychic disturbance.
Why did research into the therapeutic effects of LSD stop around the 1970s? - Answers
-✔✔ It was classified as a controlled substance.
What mental illnesses might derivatives of psychedelic compounds like LSD be effective
in treating? - Answers -✔✔ Depression, anxiety, and addiction.
infectious disease - Answers -✔✔ any disease caused by an organism, such as
bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
The introduction of drugs to combat _____ was a major milestone in drug development.
- Answers -✔✔ infectious disease
Who designed complexes of arsenic and organic molecules in the 1900s? - Answers -
✔✔ Paul Ehrlich
What did Paul Ehrlich's complexes of arsenic and organic molecules lead to in the early
20th century? - Answers -✔✔ Dramatic cure for syphilis
Why was Paul Ehrlich dubbed the Father of Chemotherapy? - Answers -✔✔ For his
work with organoarsenicals that led to a cure for syphilis
syphilis - Answers -✔✔ a bacterial infection transmitted sexually through direct contact
with a syphilis sore. Syphilis is easy to sure when diagnosed and treated in its earlier
stages
Who introduced sulfa drugs in the 1930s? - Answers -✔✔ Gerhard Domagk
What was significant about sulfa drugs introduced in the 1930s? - Answers -✔✔ They
were the first successful synthetic drugs for the treatment of bacterial disease
What term is used for synthetic drugs like sulfa drugs that treat bacterial diseases? -
Answers -✔✔ Antibacterial compounds
