EOSC 210 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALL CORRECT
How do minerals form? - Answer- cooling and crystallization from magma; precipitation from fluid; chemical changes from heat and pressure; precipitation from biogenic activity (biomineralization)
How do we identify minerals? - Answer- 1. Physical...
How do minerals form? - Answer- cooling and crystallization from magma; precipitation
from fluid; chemical changes from heat and pressure; precipitation from biogenic activity
(biomineralization)
How do we identify minerals? - Answer- 1. Physical properties: colour; lustre; streak;
hardness; cleavage; fracture
2. RXN to acid; magnetism; taste; radioactivity; specific gravity; habit
Silicate Minerals classification - Answer- classified based upon the arrangement of their
silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, which controls properties
Igneous - Answer- crystallize from a "melt" (magma)
sedimentary - Answer- either "clastic" grains or biological/chemical precipiation
Metamorphic - Answer- alteration of pre-existing rock
3 agents of metamorphism - Answer- heat, pressure, chemically active fluids
Foliated Rocks - Answer- -platy minerals (chlorite-mica) crystallize perpendicular to
main pressure direction
-pre-existing minerals acquire preferred orientation
-foliation tends to occur in fine grained material
-foliation texture alters with increasing (grade of) metamorphism
Non-foliated Rocks - Answer- no obvious foliation, uniform texture, rocks tend to contain
only one mineral
Common metamorphic rocks - Answer- slate; schist; marble; quartzite
cleavage - Answer- -inclination to break along the planes of weakness
-imparts the tendency to split or break along foliation planes rather than across the
planes
Bowens Reaction Series - Answer- -describes the sequence of minerals that crystallize
form a basaltic melt
, -as the composition of minerals crystallizing from the melt changes, the magma
composition changes, or differentiates, especially if early crystals can be separated from
the melt
Formation of igneous rocks - Answer- -cooling of molten rock (magma or lava)
Intrusive - Answer- -Molten rock (magma) that solidifies with Earth's crust (igneous)
-slow cooling, large crystals
Extrusive - Answer- -molten rock (lava) that solidifies at/near the Earth's surface
(igneous)
-quick cooling, tiny crystals or glassy
Mantle Plumes (hot spots) - Answer- -hot plastic mantle material rising from core/mantle
boundary
-as it rises toward crust, decompression results in melting
-accounts for magmatic activity that is not at plate boundaries
How does magma move through crust? - Answer- Diapirism
Stoping
Melting
Diapirism - Answer- rising "blobs" of lower density molten rock
Stoping - Answer- magma intrudes into brittle country rock by force
Melting - Answer- magma melts country rock
Shallow intrusives - Answer- -formed at depths <~2km
-cool more rapidly
-generally fine grained (can even be as fine grained as a lava flow)
Deep intrusives - Answer- -formed at greater than ~2km depth
-Pluton: "blob-shaped" intrusive igneous body
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