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Copyright ©SOPHIABENNETT 2025 ACADEMIC YEARALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 1/29 rutgers bio 116 final exam study guide solutions lymphocytes - ANSWER-types of white blood cells; function in innate and adaptive immunity; both types originate from stem cells located in bone marrow B cells - ANSWER-ly...

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  • November 19, 2024
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lymphocytes - ANSWER✔✔-types of white blood cells; function in innate and adaptive

immunity; both types originate from stem cells located in bone marrow


B cells - ANSWER✔✔-lymphocytes that remain in bone marrow in process of

maturation


T cells - ANSWER✔✔-lymphocytes that migrate to thymus


antigen - ANSWER✔✔-any foreign substance that elicits a B or T cell response; most are

proteins or large polysaccharides


epitope - ANSWER✔✔-specific region that is exposed on the surface of antigen

molecule; binds to antigen receptor; each B and T cell displays specificity for a specific

epitope


transmembrane region of receptor - ANSWER✔✔-near one end of heavy chain; anchors

receptor in B cell's plasma membrane


constant region - ANSWER✔✔-portions of light and heavy chains; amino acid

sequences vary little among B cells



Copyright ©SOPHIABENNETT 2025 ACADEMIC YEARALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 1/29

,variable region - ANSWER✔✔-found within tips of Y shape; each tip is binding site for

antigen; each receptor has 2 identical antigen binding sites


B cell classes - ANSWER✔✔-IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM


B cell activation - ANSWER✔✔-activation begins when a B cell antigen receptor (tips)

binds to antigen; leads to formation of cells that secrete soluble form of receptor

(antibodies = immunoglobin)


antibodies - ANSWER✔✔-have same y-shaped structure as B cell antigen receptors; not

membrane bound; do actual defense against pathogens


T cell antigen receptors - ANSWER✔✔-bind only to fragments of antigen that are

displayed on surface of host cell


host cell - ANSWER✔✔-characterized by major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

molecules; host protein that displays antigen fragment on cell surface


4 major characteristics of adaptive immunity - ANSWER✔✔-B and T cell diversity, self-

tolerance, proliferation of B and T cells, and immunological memory


self-tolerance - ANSWER✔✔-ability to distinguish between self (own cells) vs non-self

(foreign matter); organisms are biochemically unique, all individual's cells have

different surface proteins


proliferation of B and T cells - ANSWER✔✔-once specific cell is activated (B or T) it

undergoes multiple cell divisions

Copyright ©SOPHIABENNETT 2025 ACADEMIC YEARALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 2/29

, clonal selection - ANSWER✔✔-making clones


effector cells - ANSWER✔✔-take effect immediately, short lived


plasma cells - ANSWER✔✔-effector forms of B cells


helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells - ANSWER✔✔-effector forms of T cells


memory cells - ANSWER✔✔-long lived, ready to divide if same antigen appears again;

if antigen does appear again, they give rise to effector cells


immunological memory - ANSWER✔✔-long term protection that occurs from prior

infection; result of B and T memory cells


humoral response - ANSWER✔✔-occurs in blood and lymph by antibodies


cell-mediated response - ANSWER✔✔-infected host cells destroyed by specialized T

cells


helper T cells - ANSWER✔✔-triggered by antigen display on surface of APC; trigger

humoral and cell-mediated responses; produce signals that initiate antibody

production; signals activate T cells and kill infected cells


types of APC's - ANSWER✔✔-dendritic cell, macrophage, B cell


CD4 - ANSWER✔✔-accessory protein found on helper T cell surface; binds to class II

MHC molecule; keeps cells joined (helper T cell and antigen)




Copyright ©SOPHIABENNETT 2025 ACADEMIC YEARALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page 3/29

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