ERHS 601 Exam 1 Questions with 100% Correct Answers 2024/2025
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Module
ERHS 601
Institution
ERHS 601
ERHS 601 Exam 1 Questions with 100% Correct Answers 2024/2025
Where in the body does the toxicant have e the most effect - ANSWERSLungs, heart, kidneys, brain, liver, peripheral nerves
Biotransformation - ANSWERSEnzymatic alteration of xenobiotics can occur as the results of
• Hydrolys...
ERHS 601 Exam 1 Questions with 100%
Correct Answers 2024/2025
Where in the body does the toxicant have e the most effect - ANSWERSLungs, heart, kidneys, brain, liver,
peripheral nerves
Biotransformation - ANSWERSEnzymatic alteration of xenobiotics can occur as the results of
• Hydrolysis
• Oxidation
• Reduction
• Conjugation
Some of these reactions may also occur non-enzymatically
Biotransformation Can Change or Introduce A Functional Group - ANSWERSPhase I reactions change an
existing functional group or introduce a new one
Changes in properties often modest
Phase II reactions add a molecule to an existing one
Usually resulting in the presence of a different functional group
Changes in properties can be much more dramatic
Biotransformation Has Consequences for Toxicity - ANSWERSFormation of a more toxic
metabolite=bioactivation
Formation of a less toxic metabolite or a metabolite that is more readily excreted=detoxification
Sometimes the effect is indirected, generation of ROS
Toxic consequences, parent compound toxic - ANSWERSIncrease excretion or biotransformation
Toxic consequences, metabolite is toxic - ANSWERSIncreased bio activation, alternate pathways: detox
,What is a functional group - ANSWERSA component of an organic molecule that contains atoms other
than carbon and hydrogen
The differences in the characteristics of the atoms creates the properties of the molecule
☞ Molecular structure will determine everything about the chemical that is relevant to its toxicity
What electronegativity means in compounds - ANSWERSWhen different atoms form molecular bonds,
the electron density is unequal as a function of the inferences in electronegativity
Polarity - ANSWERSThis chemical characteristic is a consequence of an unequal distribution of electrons
(or charge) in a molecule
☞Ionized compounds are highly polar
☞Un-ionized compounds can also be polar due to the presence of functional groups that include atoms
that are more electronegative than carbon
Polar chemicals - ANSWERSInorganic ions, ionized function groups in organic compounds, polar
functional groups
Non-polar chemicals - ANSWERSHydrocarbons
Structure and solubility - ANSWERSInter-molecular interactions are influenced by non-covalent bonding
H-bonds
Electrostatic (ionic) bonds
Hydrophobic interactions
Molecules with a capability to bond in the same way are more likely to form solutions
Solubility - ANSWERSThe amount of a chemical that will dissolve in a solvent
Solubility is a function of the polarity of the
Solvent
Solute
, Temperature
Water solubility - ANSWERSHydrogen bonding, ion formation
Role of ionization in water solubility - ANSWERSIonized compounds highly water soluble
Organic compounds ionizeability depends on functional groups and pH
What is ionization - ANSWERSThe amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom
Covalent bond between H and An electronegative atom (O, N, S) polarizable C
Hexane in water - ANSWERShexane is on top (less dense); immiscible
Solubility in system with multiple phases - ANSWERSOrganisms are "lipid-rich" relative to aqueous
environments
Accumulation of a chemical in a tissue or cell is often a function of its lipid solubility
But presence in an aqueous environment demands at least some water solubility
The soluble fraction of a cell (and extracellular fluids are "water rich" compared to membranes
Many chemicals of toxicological interest have solubility in both aqueous and lipid media
The relative solubility in these phases is called partition
Partition between water and non-polar solvent - ANSWERSK=Cnon-polar/Cwater=P (partition
coefficient), an equilibrium value
Vapor pressure - ANSWERSAt temperatures below:
Boiling point of liquids and Melting point of solids
Chemicals have vapor pressure
Vapor pressure:
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