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Maryville NURS 611 Patho Exam 1/ NUR 611 Exam 2 & Nurs 611 Final Exam/ 3 in 1 Combined/ Q&A. What is a free radical? - Answer: A molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons. To stabilize, it gives up or takes a e£11.47
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Maryville NURS 611 Patho Exam 1/ NUR 611 Exam 2 & Nurs 611 Final Exam/ 3 in 1 Combined/ Q&A. What is a free radical? - Answer: A molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons. To stabilize, it gives up or takes a e
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Module
Maryville NURS 611
Institution
Maryville NURS 611
Maryville NURS 611 Patho Exam 1/ NUR 611 Exam 2 & Nurs 611 Final Exam/ 3 in 1 Combined/ Q&A.
What is a free radical? - Answer: A molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons. To stabilize, it gives up or takes a electron making it capable of injurious che...
Maryville NURS 611 Patho Exam 1/ NUR 611
Exam 2 & Nurs 611 Final Exam/ 3 in 1
Combined/ Q&A.
What is a free radical? - Answer: A molecule that is unstable and highly reactive
because it contains unpaired electrons. To stabilize, it gives up or takes a electron
making it capable of injurious chemical bond formations with proteins, lipids, or
carbs
what plays a major role in the initiation and progression of disease? - Answer: free
radicals
what are the 5 major diseases that are affected by reactive oxygen species and are
known to play a role in initiation and progression? - Answer: hyperlipidemia,
diabetes m., hypertension, CHF, and ischemic heart disease
Page 1 of 64
,What is wrong with an unpair electron? - Answer: causes a chemical imbalance of
the cell membrane, making the molecule unstable
What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury? - Answer:
enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus,
ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and RNA
What happens when liver enzymes metabolize ethanol into acetaldehyde? -
Answer: hepatic cellular dysfunction.
Peroxisomes help detoxify the liver-if not functioning properly the ethanol is
turned into fat in the liver, "fatty liver"
What is ionizing radiation (IR)? - Answer: any form of radiation capable of
removing orbital electrons from atoms.
What does ionizing radiation result in? - Answer: the production of negatively
charge free elections and positively charged ionized atoms
What is ionizing radiation emitted from? - Answer: x-rays, y-rays, alpha and beta
particles, subatomic particles such as neutrons, deuterons, protons, and pions
WEAR A LEAD APRON
Page 2 of 64
,What is the main mechanism of damage to DNA by the ionizing radiation? -
Answer: from generation of reactive oxygen species from reactions with free
radicals by radiolysis of water
IT HURTS THE DNA THE MOST
What happens with physiologic processes with aging? - Answer: every physiologic
process can be shown to function less effeciently
What is sarcopenia? - Answer: muscular atrophy: degenerative skeletal muscle
loss
how fast it happens depends on nature/nurture
What happens when "stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems occur with aging? -
Answer: 1-peripheral vascular resistance increases (HTN)
2- decreased production of hydrochloric acid (HCL) and delayed stomach emptying
(decrease in appetite)
3- decreased immune response to T-dependent antigens
Apoptosis - Answer: A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - Answer: Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
Page 3 of 64
, What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis (especially the kidney
and heart) - Answer: hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? - Answer: ischemia
Main component of a cell - Answer: nucleus
What does the nucleus contain? - Answer: nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of? - Answer: RNA, most of cellular DNA, DNA
binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important? - Answer: histones bind to DNA and fold it into
chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell division
What are ribosomes? - Answer: RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the
nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found? - Answer: cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? - Answer: provides sits for cellular protein
synthesis
Page 4 of 64
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