PSY 1004: Critical Thinking in Psychology
// Exam 1
An Operational Definition - ANS - This is a method of defining and measuring the
construct when the variables cannot be observed directly.
Applied Research - ANS - This is directed towards solving practical problems.
Apprehensive Subject Role - ANS - This is when the participants are overly concerned
that their performance in the study will be used to evaluate their abilities or personal
characteristics.
Artifact - ANS - This is a non-natural feature accidentally introduced into something
being observed.
Basic Research - ANS - This involves studies that are intended to solve theoretical
issues.
Basis of Scientific Research - ANS - This is when evidence is gathered from careful,
systematic, and objective observations
Behavioral Measures - ANS - These are based on overt behaviors that can be observed
and measured.
Ceiling Effect - ANS - This is a clustering of scores at the high end of a measurement
scale.
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis - ANS - This includes it being logical, testable,
refutable, and positive.
Concurrent Validity - ANS - These are scores obtained from a new measure.
Construct - ANS - This is a hypothetical entity created from theory and speculation.
Construct Validity - ANS - These are scores obtained from a measurement behave exactly
the same as the variable itself.
Convergent Validity - ANS - This is a strong relationship between the scores obtained
from two (or more) different methods of measuring the same construct.
, Deductive Reasoning - ANS - This is using a general statement as the basis for reaching
a conclusion about specific examples.
Demand Characteristics - ANS - This refers to any of the potential cues or features of a
study that: (1) suggest to the participants the purpose of the study + (2) influence the
participants to respond or behave in a certain way.
Divergent Validity - ANS - This is when a relationship shows little or no correlation
between the measurements of two different constructs.
DOI - ANS - This means Digital Object Identifier.
Empirical - ANS - This is when answers are obtained by making structured or systematic
observations.
Environmental Changes - ANS - This is when it is difficult to attain the ideal of identical
circumstances.
ERIC - ANS - This provides access to education literature and resources.
Experimenter Bias - ANS - These are measurements influenced by the researcher's
expectations, regarding the outcome of the study.
Face Validity - ANS - This is whether a measure superficially appears to measure what it
claims to measure. It is the simplest and least scientific.
Faithful Subject Role - ANS - This is when participants attempt to follow instructions to
the letter and avoid acting on any suspicions they have about the purpose of the study.
Floor Effect - ANS - This is a clustering of scores at the low end of a measurement scale.
Good Subject Role - ANS - This is when the participants have identified the hypothesis of
the study and are trying to produced responses that support the investigation's
hypothesis.
Hypothesis - ANS - This is a statement that describes or explains a relationship between
variables, sometimes considered a "best guess".
I-MRDR - ANS - These are the components of a research article: introduction, method,
results, discussion, and references.
Inductive Reasoning - ANS - This is using a small set of specific observations as the
basis for forming a general statement about a larger set of possible observations.
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