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GMS6552 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED

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GMS6552 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED What is an Oncogene and what is it capable of doing? 1. They can evade growth suppressors 2. Drive cell proliferation 3. Resist cell death (Apoptosis) 4. Induce angiogenesis 5. Enable replicative immortality 6. Activate...

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  • November 23, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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GMS6552 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH

COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED


What is an Oncogene and what is it capable of doing?

1. They can evade growth suppressors

2. Drive cell proliferation

3. Resist cell death (Apoptosis)

4. Induce angiogenesis

5. Enable replicative immortality

6. Activate invasion and metastasis

What are Proto-oncogenes

Proto-Oncogene become oncogenes during carcinogeneisProto-Oncogene become

oncogenes during carcinogeneis

What is evidence of oncogene behaviors in Vivo?

-Cause cancer when activated in a transgenic animal



-Render nontumorigenic tumorigenic



-Knock down or knock in tumorigenic cells renders the cells nontumorigenic



-Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated with human cancer

What is evidence of oncogene behaviors in Vitro?

,-Causes anchorage-independent growth in soft agar (Protection from anoikis) Cells can

grow on agar.



-Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)

-----Cells will pile on top of each other



-Renders cells growth independent

What is the role of oncogenes in cancer?

Aberrant expression of proto-oncogenes that increases cell proliferation/survival.

Where were oncogenes first identified?

In cancer causing viruses.

What type of genetic mechanism do oncogenes typically represent?

A dominant mechanism.

Is oncogene activation usually limited to somatic tissue?

Yes, but there are more cases of inherited oncogene mutations.

Which genes can be mutated into oncogenes?

Gproteins such as Ras

Protein kinases such as Raf, Akt, BCR-ABL, Cdk4, sRC

Lipid kinases such as PI3-Kinase

Transcription factors such as Myc, Fos, Jun, etc.

Binding and inactivating apoptic proteins such as BCL2

Protein kinase regulatory subuits such as Cyclins A,E and D

Transcriptional coactivators Beta Catenin, Yap, etc.

, What are the 5 ways to activate oncogenes?

1. Mutation of gene to make it overactive

2. Amplification of a normal gene

3. Chromosomal Rearrangement

4. Promoter/enhancer insertion

5. Hypomethylation of oncogene

Method to activate oncogenes: Mutation of gene to make it overactive

Example: HRAS has Gly12Val point mutation that slows GTP hydrolysis by activating

ras protein. This leaves Ras to be continually activated

What results from multiple gene copies in oncogene activation?

Too much transcript and protein



Homologenously staining regions (HSRs) which are tandem insertions in an existing

chromosome

What is a common approach for amplification detection?

Looking at specific gene/protein

What methods can survey the genome/transcriptome/proteome for amplification

detection?

Methods to test known genes and discover new ones

What are some DNA screening methods?

DNA sequencing, Southern blot, DNA-PCR, and/or FISH

What are some RNA screening methods?

RNA sequencing, RT-PCR, Northern blot, microarray analysis, RNA in situ hybridization

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