These lessons contain descriptive and thorough detail on each chemistry topic , they includes tips on how to get top grades and make good revision recap and revise over pages. They suit classwork and summaries of each lesson with all you need to know.
States of Matter and Separation Techniques
States of Matter
There are three main states of matter:
1. Solid: Particles are tightly packed together in a fixed position, with minimal movement.
2. Liquid: Particles are close together but can move past each other, taking the shape of their
container.
3. Gas: Particles are far apart and move freely, filling the entire available space.
Methods of Separating and Purifying Substances
1. Filtration: Used to separate a solid from a liquid. The solid particles are trapped by a filter, while the liquid
passes through.
2. Evaporation: Used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid. The liquid is heated, causing it to evaporate,
leaving the solid behind.
3. Chromatography: Used to separate mixtures of colored substances. The substances are dissolved in a
solvent and then allowed to move through a stationary phase (e.g., paper or silica gel). Different substances
move at different rates, allowing them to be separated.
4. Distillation: Used to separate liquids with different boiling points. The mixture is
heated, and the liquid with the lower boiling point evaporates first. The vapor is
then condensed and collected.
5. Crystallization: Used to purify a solid from a solution.
The solution is cooled slowly, causing the solid to
crystallize out. The crystals can then be separated
from the remaining liquid.
6. Key Points for a Grade 9:
● Understand the properties of each state of matter.
● Be able to explain the differences between physical and chemical changes.
● Know how to choose the appropriate separation technique for a given mixture.
● Understand the principles behind each separation technique.
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