Horizontal agreements – Agreements between undertakings at the same level of the
market, e.g. manufacturers.
ANTI-COMPETITIVE EFFECTS
Cartels
o Most common arrangement
o Includes agreements to fix price, share markets, limit output or exclude
potential new competitors from the market.
a) Regulatory authorities against cartels
Commission
o Adopted the Leniency Programme.
o Uncovers and sanctions price-fixing, market sharing and bid-rigging cartels
over last few years.
CMA
o Amendments made to EA 2002 > Remove requirement of dishonesty from
cartel offence.
o UK courts have had power since 2003 > Impose custodial sentences on
offending employees and Ds.
OECD
o Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
o Launched its anti-cartel programme (1998).
o Published recommendations and guidance > Stresses need for enhanced co-
operation between competition authorities.
ICN
o International Competition Network.
o Aims to facilitate cooperation between competition authorities globally.
o Cartel Working Group
Addresses anti-cartel enforcement;
Primary consults each other by email or ‘webinars’;
Arranges discussions at the ICN’s annual conference > Produces
guidance on competition law enforcement.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ayorke. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for £7.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.