AQA A-Level Psychology Paper 2 Exam Questions And Answers
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Module
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2
Institution
AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2
Psychology - ANS the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes
Science - ANS The means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation
Introspection by Wundt - ANS A systematic method used to study the mind by breaking up conscious awaren...
AQA A-Level Psychology Paper 2 Exam
Questions And Answers
Psychology - ANS the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes
Science - ANS The means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective
investigation
Introspection by Wundt - ANS A systematic method used to study the mind by breaking up
conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations
Emergence of psychology - ANS Watson questioned the subjectiveness of introspection -
variety between person to person made it hard to establish general principles
Behaviourist approach - ANS A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable
and in terms of learning
Classical conditioning - ANS Learning by association
Operant conditioning - ANS Learning where behaviour is shaped and maintained by
consequences
Reinforcement - ANS A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that
behaviour being repeated
Assumptions of behaviourist approach - ANS - assumes everything about human
behaviour is learnt through experience (classical or operant conditioning)
- relies on lab experiments
- animals have same basic processes that govern learning and so can be replaced as
experimental subjects
Pavlov's research - ANS Pavlov presented a bell (NS) with food (UCS), which caused the
dog to salivate (UCR). Eventually, the dog associated the sound of the bell and food so the
sound of the bell (CS) would cause the dog to salivate (CR) - demonatrating the learning of
innate reflex behaviours in animals
Skinner's research - ANS He suggested that learning is an active process whereby
humans and animals operate on their environment eg, the skinner box
,Positive reinforcement - ANS Rewards when a certain desirable behaviour is performed
Negative reinforcement - ANS When an animal or human avoids something unpleasant
Punishment - ANS An unpleasant consequence of behaviour
Behaviourist approach - limit - ANS Doesn't take into account any biological aspects and
so is deterministic
Behaviourist approach - application - ANS Treatment to phobias through systematic
desensitisation through classical conditioning
Behaviourist approach - research support - ANS Influential in the development of
psychology as a scientific discipline
Social learning theory - ANS A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and
indirect reinforcement
Imitation - ANS Copying the behaviour of others
Identification - ANS When as observer associates themselves with a role model and wants
to be like the role model
Modelling - ANS Imitating the behaviour of a role model
Vicarious reinforcement - ANS Reinforcement that is not directly experienced but occurs
through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour
Mediational processes - ANS Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between
stimulus and response
Assumptions of social learning theory - ANS - learning occurs through observation and
imitation of others in a social context
- learning occurs directly and indirectly
Role of mediational processes identified by Bandura - ANS 1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor reproduction
4. Motivation
Social learning theory - limit - ANS Underestimates the influence of biological factors - boys
were found to be more aggressive
, Social learning theory - application - ANS Applied to token economy systems in prison -
help to rehabilitate prisoners to lower recidivism
Social learning theory - research support - ANS Bandura's bobo doll experiment - adult hit
doll with hammer
Cognitive approach - ANS How mental processes affect behaviour
Internal mental processes - ANS 'Private' operations of the mind such as perception and
attention that mediate between stimulus and response
Schema - ANS A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive
processing - developed from experience
Inference - ANS Process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way
mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour
Cognitive neuroscience - ANS The scientific study of biological structures that underpin
cognitive processes
Assumptions of the cognitive approach - ANS - internal mental processes should be
studies scientifically
Theoretical models - ANS Information processing approach - where information flows
through the cognitive system (multi-store model)
Computer models - ANS Mind compared to a computer - similarities in the way information
is coded and use in artificial intelligence
Application of cognitive neuroscience - ANS Used in computer-generated models that are
designed to 'read' the brain- brain fingerprinting
Cognitive approach - limit - ANS Machine reductionism - ignores the influence of human
and motivation eg. memory may be affected by anxiety in an EWT
Cognitive approach - application - ANS Applied to CBT when treating when treating
depression
Cognitive approach - scientific basis - ANS The experimental methods used by the
approach are considered scientific and are therefore objective
Biological approach - ANS A perspective that emphasises the importance of physical
processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural function
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