Biology A-level Notes from an A* student.
Topic 8 can be a bit challenging, however these notes helped simplify the information for me and also my friends.
Sequencing projects read the genomes of a wide range of organisms,
including humans.
Determining the genome of simpler organisms allows the sequences of the
proteins that derive from the genetic code of the organism to be determined.
This may have many applications, including the identification of potential
antigens for use in vaccine production.
In more complex organisms, the presence of non-coding DNA and of
regulatory genes means that knowledge of the genome cannot easily be
translated into the proteome.
The proteome is all the proteins that the genome can code for. However due
to selective gene expression not all of these proteins will be found in every
cell in the body.
Gene sequencing allows for genome-wide comparisons between individuals
and between species. Comparing genomes between species is significant as
it allows evolutionary relationships between species to be determined, and it
is also beneficial to medical research.
Comparing genomes of individuals enables differences to be identified which
can then be used for development of personalised medicine tailored to a
particular genome, as well as in studies of human diseases.
Apart from allowing genome-wide comparisons to be made, gene sequencing
has allowed for the sequences of amino acids in polypeptides to be predicted
and has allowed for the development of synthetic biology.
The Human Genome Project is an international scientific project which has
successfully determined the sequence of bases of a human genome.
Potential applications include: screening for mutated sequences, carriers and
pre-implantation screening as well as screening for disorders such as
Huntington’s disease before the symptoms appear.
However, there are many ethical concerns regarding the Human Genome
Project, such a s people being discriminated against as well as regarding the
misuse and ownership of the genetic information.
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