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[ ] By the 19th Century , the Ottoman Empire was in decline. British
Prime ministers feared that if the Ottoman Empire collapsed
completely, other European powers would benefit and gain territory
from this collapse.
o [ ] The Ottoman Empire had a system where it shared power with
local rulers at its borders. These local rulers were given authority
to uphold laws, defend borders, and collect taxes. However, over
time, these local leaders wanted more independence from the
central Ottoman government in Constantinople. This led to
ongoing challenges as they sought greater autonomy, creating a
power struggle between the central government and these
regional rulers.
[ ] The Khedives (lord/viceroy) in Egypt had a lot of political freedom
from the Ottoman Empire and from the 1850’s had increasingly relied
on European financial investments from Britain and France as they
flooded the country with loans and investments to develop Egypt’s
economy. Between 1863 and 1870, Egypt’s foreign debt had lept from
£3million to £100million. BY 1875 the khedive was bankrupt!
Why the British Wanted Egypt?
[ ] Strategic- The opening of the route to India through the Suez Canal
was vry important to the British. It dramatically shortened the journey
to India and 80% of shipping that travelled through the canal was
carried on British ships.
[ ] The main shareholders in the canal were the French (ownership of
the canal), who had pushed through its reinvestment and building.
There was clear Anglo-French Rivalry in this period. Both were not
prepared to leave.
[ ] Trade- The Egyptians provided an important and growing market for
British exports during its period of modernisation under the khedives.
By 1880 Britain purchased 80% of Egypts exports
[ ] (largely cotton) and supplied 44% of Egypt’s imports. British exports
to Egypt in the 1880s were about 5% of its total export. Developed a
relationship, another country controlling egypt could disrupt this.
[ ] Financial - British bond holders (an entity that invests in or owns
bonds) in the city of london were heavily exposed to any failure by
Egypt to pay its debts. Britain and France had already reacted to the
, bankruptcy of the Khedive in 1875 by establishing financial control on
the country through the Dual control.
[ ] 1878- Dual Control is established
-Britain and France established a system of financial control for Egypt
-Introduce stringent financial reforms, including cutting the pay of the army
and introducing sales taxes on foods and goods to increase the revenue.
[ ] 1879 - Arabi, a nationalist officer in the Egyptian army leading army
officers, led a coup in response to the attempts of dismissing 2,500
officers and halving the salary of those who remained
-He successfully forced Khedive Tewfik to appoint a nationalist ministry,
including himself
-British were scared that the nationalists would dismiss the financial measure
of the dual control
[ ] 1881- Radical Islamic leader, the Mahdi, emerges in Sudan intent on
driving out the Egyptian/Ottoman overlord
[ ] 1882- 11 June : After the French withdrew from a joint military
action, British warships started bombarding the city of Alexandria. This
means that British naval forces began launching attacks on Alexandria,
likely as a strategic or punitive measure in response to the changed
military situation after the French exit.
[ ] 1883- Battle of OBEID: only 300/8000 Anglo-Egyptian forces
survived.The rest killed by the madhist forces
Why was Egypt controlled by the British?
[ ] 1883- Sir Evelyn Baring arrives in Egypt as consul general
-Baring believed that Egypt need Britain to help them. He believed that
developments on Agricultural infrastructure and government institutions
would help.
-Baring was a late Victorian imperialist
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