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PSYC 228 EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
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PSYC 228 EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+ Unit 1: Chapter 1 & 2 1: Briefly describe the five key issues associated with the understanding of human development. Of the five issues, which ones do you find most...

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  • December 5, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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PSYC 228 EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM
COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
|ALREADY GRADED A+


Unit 1: Chapter 1 & 2


1: Briefly describe the five key issues associated with the understanding of human development. Of the

five issues, which ones do you find most compelling and why? - ✔✔- 1: Nature vs Nurture: Nature is that

we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic in heritance and other biological factors. Nurture is

generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception: example the product of exposure, life

experiences and learning on an individual.


Nature: genes and hereditary factors, physical appearance, personality characteristics.


Nurture: Environment variables, childhood eUxperiences how we are raised by social relationships,

surrounding culture.


- 2: Continuity and discontinuity: Continuity view says that change is gradual. Characteristics or features

of an individual that stays the same as person matures through the lifespan. (ex: thinking talking, acting)


The discontinuity view sees development as more of changes that produce different behaviors in

different age-specific life periods called stages. Discontinuity view believes that people go through the

same stages the same order but not necessarily the same rate.


3: Development stability & instability: Everyone develops at the same rate.


Development instability: Individuals are developing changing in different ways compared with one

another. (Different rate than their peers).

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,4: Normative events vs non-normative events: Normative events refer to something that affects everyone

in a culture at the same time or an incident that matches the sequential and historical events shared by the

majority of people.


Non- Normative event an incident that not happens to everyone or that happens at a different time than

typically experienced by others.


5: Socio-cultural variation: Socio-cultural factors include:


· Gender: Expectations that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex.


· Race: A way of categorizing humans that typically focuses on physical traits.


· Ethnicity: A specific set of physical, cultural,


2: Describe the psychodynamic approach on human development. Compare and contrast the

psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud with the psychosocial theory of Erik Erikson. - ✔✔- Sigmung

freud and his student Erickson introduced the first psychodynamics theories and the idea that human

growth and motivation and progression are through universal and developmental stages it also stresses

early life experiences in shaping and determining adult personality and behavior.


- Levels of consciousness. Freud compared the mind to an iceberg. Only about one tenth of our mind is

conscious and rest of the mind is unconscious. Unacceptable urges and desires are kept in our

unconscious through a process called repression. He thinks our personality develops from a conflict

between two forces: Our biological aggressive and pleasure seeking drives versus or internal (socialized )

control over their drives.


Theory of psychosexual development: Freud believed that personality develops during early childhood.

And if we do not have proper nurturing and parenting during a stage we will be stuck or fixated

(obsessed with) in that stage, even as adult.


Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital


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,- Erik Erickson ( Psychosocial theory eight stages)


In each stage conflicting ideas must be resolved in order for a person to be confident. Failure to master

these will lead to a deficiency in feelings.


1: Infancy: 0-1 : trust (mistrust)-> mother and caregiver-> resecure-> hope: trust and confidence.


2: Early childhood: 2-3-> Autonomy (doubt, shame) -> parents -> be independent -> will: Use and

exercise freedom and self retraint.


3: Childhood: 4-6 -> initiative (guilt) - basic family -> be powerful -> Purpose and distinction -> Ability to

intimate own activities, pressure goals.


4: Childhood: 7-12 -> industry (inferiority) -> neighborhood (school) -> be good -> Competence in

intellectual, social and physical skills.


5: Adolescence: 113- 19-> identity (role confusion) -> peer groups -> fit into adult world.. of who am I? ->

Fidelity a


3: Describe the cognitive perspective on human development. Compare and contrast the Piaget's theory

of cognitive development with Vgotsky's. How do these theories differ from the information processing

approach to cognition? - ✔✔- Cognitive perspectives focus on how our thinking develops.


Jean Piaget theory: Children construct on understanding of the world around them, then experience what

they already know and what they discover in their environment.


- 3 basic components to his cognitive theory:


· Schemas (building blocks of knowledge) Organized patterns of thinking that our experience in the

world. Ex: babies have initiate schemas like sucking thumb. These reflexes are already programmed in us.




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, · Viewed intellectual growth: (Assimilation)- using an existing knowledge (schema) to deal with new

object or situation. (Accommodation)- This happens when existing schema does not walk and change to

deal with new object or situation.


· And turns into equilibrium.


- 4 Stages of cognitive development: ( intellectual development)


1: Sensorimotor: Birth to age 2 during this stage is object permance knowing that object still exists, even If

its hidden. Children at this age play with their food.


2: Preoperational stage (2-7) thinks about things symbolically. Thinking is still self-interested; infant has

difficulty taking viewpoints of others. Ex: Children often believe moon follows them.


3: Concrete operational stage (7-11) major turning point in child cognitive development because marks

beginning of logical thought. Child can work out things in head. Ex: Begin question existence of santa.


4: Formal orientation stage ( 11 years and over) starts at 11 lasts into adulthood. Ex: Children show great

concern for physical appearance.


- Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development. In contrast to piaget who believed all of us progress

through the same stages of development in much the same order, Vygotsky viewed a child's unique

social world as the main influence on cognitive change. Vygotsky theory is sociocultural theory with

view that human development as a


4: Describe the behavioral perspective on human development. Discuss the three types of behavioral

learning mechanisms. How do they differ? How are they the same? - ✔✔- 1: Classical conditioning:

Classical conditioning helps us to understand how our responses to one situation become attached to

new situations. For example a smell might remind us of time when we were a kid. Classical conditioning

explains how we develop many of our emotional responses to people, events or "gut level" reactions to




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