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MBCHB 2D TEST WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
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MBCHB 2D TEST WITHCOMPLETE SOLUTION
Breast milk is the sole food required for how long? - ANSWER the first 6
months, meets all nutritional needs.
functions of breast milk - ANSWER provides immune protection, promotes
brain development and maturation of gut, protects mother's health (spacing
pregnancies, reduces risk of cancer and helps weight loss)
composition of breast milk - ANSWER sugars (mainly lactose), fat, protein,
minerals, casein
composition varies by period though
what's the first milk? composed of? - ANSWER colostrum, low in fat and
sugar high in prot
2 factors that change mature milk content - ANSWER time of day and age of
baby
immune system factors provided by breast milk - ANSWER provides ready
made immune system
macrophages, T cells, stem cells, lymphocytes.
secretory IgA (passive immunity)
3 examples of biologically active substances that act in the gut. - ANSWER
alpha-lactalbumin (immunostimulatory and antibacterial)
lactoferrin, oligosaccharides (encourage growth of probiotic organisms)
,epidemiological evidence on infection - ANSWER infants given breast milk
substitues before 6 months are at increased risk of infections and death
2 components in breast milk that promote maturation of gut - ANSWER
epidermal growth factor (healing) and neuronal growth factors (development
of peristalsis)
long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and docosahexanoic acid in breast
milk involved in what? - ANSWER development of brain.
inverse assoc bt iq and formula feeding
recommendations for breastfeeding - ANSWER exclusive breastfeeding until
6 months of life
continued for 2 years and beyond
what are the hormones in breast feeding? - ANSWER prolactin and oxytocin
secretion of prolactin
what does it do - ANSWER anterior pituitary in response to nipple
stmiulation
signals lactocytes to make milk
highest levels at night
secretion of oxytocin and what does it do - ANSWER posterior pituitary in
response to nipple stimulation, stimulates smooth muscle in alveoli to *eject
milk*.
what feedback substance stops milk production when too much - ANSWER
feedback inhibitor of lactation (fil)
,so what breast cells make milk? - ANSWER alveolar
suckling leads to oxytocin and breast emptying so less FIL.
2 things that positioning is important for - ANSWER ensure effective milk
removal and prevent nipple damage
feeding in response to what? - ANSWER baby's cues, turning head,
streatching, moving, hand to mouth, mouth opening.
if crying or agitated or red, then do what before feeding? - ANSWER calm it
down. stroke and talk
breast feeding reduces mortality and morbidity in both children and mothers.
does formula milk have the same macronutrients as breast milk? - ANSWER
yes
what does formula milk lack? - ANSWER biologically active substances and
passive immunity
problems w breastfeeding - ANSWER need to learn practical techniques,
painful, greatest frquency at night, demanding and tiring, contact 24hours
solutions for problems w breast feeding - ANSWER support mother, optimise
attachment to minimise nipple trauma, lie in for 6 weeks after birth,
expression of milk and frozen for later use
what kind of duty could breast feeding be considered? - ANSWER defeasible
duty (not doing it must be justified)
doctor must promote breastfeeding, consider what medications to prescribe
mother!, refer for skilled lactation support - ANSWER
emergency contraception options - ANSWER copper IUD (most effective,
, prevents preimplantation. up to 5 days post sex. can be used for ongoing
contraception), and 2 oral tablets (ellaone delays ovulation 5 dayspost sex),
and levonelle (delays ovulation effective up to 72h after, but efficacy
reduced)
different modes of action of contraception - ANSWER prevent ovulation
(most effective, prevent LH surge), thick cervical mucus to block sperm,
prevent implantation and prevent fertilisation
measure effectiveness by measuring % of women that get pregnant while on
contraception. highly effective=1%, reasonably= <10%
what to consider? - ANSWER typical use vs perfect use (quoted in pharma) of
method
combined pill (oestrogen and progesterone), patch or vaginal ring, and
progesterone only pill - ANSWER prevent ovulation and alter cervical mucus,
typical use failure 9%, perfect 0.3%
Copper Intrauterine Device (IUD) - ANSWER prevents fertilisation, copper is
toxic to sperm. prevents implantation (endometrium becomes inhospitable).
typical use failure 0.8%, perfect 0.6%
lasts 5-10y
subdermal implant - ANSWER prevents ovulation and alters cervical mucus.
typical use 0.05%, perfect 0.05% lasts 3 years
most effective.
barrier methods - ANSWER male, female condoms and female diaphragm
prevent fertilisation and *STIs*
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