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Summary AQA A Level English Language (Social Class) £2.99   Add to cart

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Summary AQA A Level English Language (Social Class)

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Notes on Social Class for AQA's latest English Language specification (A-level 7702) You can buy other topics individually or you can purchase the bundle, hope it helps!

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  • April 3, 2020
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  • 2019/2020
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By: lightshadow • 3 year ago

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amirakhx
Language and Social Class
In order to gain your AO2 marks, you need to know key theories:



Malcolm Petyt

 Studied the usage of common linguistic variables in Bradford

 The omission of the initial /h/ in their speech (H-dropping) in words like 'hat' in which they
say

 The upper MC rarely used H-dropping (12%)

 The lower WC had a very frequent use of it (93%)

 His conclusions supported Giles idea of upward convergence



Emma Moore (2010)

 Studied patterns of variation in speech among teenage girls in Bolton

 Found that non-standard ‘were’, as in ‘She were’, was common in their dialect

 Suggests that some girls used it to signal their localness to their area

 Reflects Labov’s Martha’s Vineyard study

Moore identified four “Communities of Practice” within the school:

The Populars Rebellious, anti-school, drinking/smoking
The Townies Drug talking, sexual activities
The Geeks Institutionally orientated
The Eden Valley Girls (EVG) Privileged, dancers/shoppers


 Community of Practice

A group of people who share understandings, perspectives and forms of language use as a result of
meeting regularly over time



All girls were upper WC or lower MC

Found that EVG used standard ‘was’ all the time because of higher class

Other three groups had mixed classes, and non-standard ‘were’ could reflect social status

Concluded that although class was a factor, there was no single explanation for its use

, William Labov (1966)

 Investigated social stratification of the pronunciation of the /r/ in New York 3 department
stores

 (generally identified as working class, middle class and upper)

 Found that the pronunciation of /r/ depended on the social-class membership of the
employees;

 Those with higher socioeconomic status pronounced /r/ more frequently than those with
lower socioeconomic status



Basil Bernstein (1971)

 Suggests there’s two types of language - restricted code and the elaborated code

 He says that our social group determines which of these we use:



Restricted Code

Characterised by short, simple, sometimes incomplete sentences;
Limited use of adjectives and adverbs;
Use of idiom and reliance on implicit meaning


 We all use this, but the WC tend only to be able to use it

 Mid/Upper classes use this code when talking to friends and family



Elaborated Code

Characterised by more complex
Grammatically complete sentences;
A wide range of adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions and explicit meanings


 This is used by the Mid/Upper classes, but not generally by the working classes

 Claimed that the WC were disadvantaged as education uses a lot of elaborated code

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