2025/2026 HOSA EMT FINAL EXAM
*Q&A* (100% Correct) |VERIFIED| -
LATEST VERSION
Tidal volume refers to the amount of air taken in or expelled during one complete breath, which
averages around 500 mL at rest. True
Minute volume represents the total volume of air exchanged in one minute. How is it calculated?
By multiplying tidal volume by the respiratory rate.
Respiration is the process involving the exchange of gases. What does it specifically refer to? The
actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and tissues of the body.
Oxygenation describes the process that affects the blood’s oxygen levels. What does it specifically
involve? The chemical process that increases the oxygen content in the bloodstream.
Ventilation involves the physical act of breathing. What does it describe? The mechanical process
of breathing, involving the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment.
Room air typically consists of what percentages of gases? 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and 1%
other gases.
What is meant by "dead space" in the respiratory system? It refers to the portion of inhaled air
that does not reach the alveoli, typically about 100 mL.
When should oxygen not be administered? When the SpO2 level is between 95% and 100%.
What SpO2 level signifies mild hypoxia, and how should it be managed? An SpO2 of 91%-94%,
treated with nasal cannula (N/C).
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,At what SpO2 level does moderate hypoxia occur, and what treatment is recommended? An
SpO2 between 86%-90%, managed with a non-rebreather mask (NRB).
Severe hypoxia is characterized by what SpO2 level, and how should it be treated? An SpO2
below 85%, requiring a bag-valve mask (BVM).
What does the term "ataxic" refer to in terms of breathing patterns? Breathing with no
identifiable pattern.
What is resuscitation in the context of medical treatment? Any effort aimed at restoring normal
physiological functions.
What is the difference between upper and lower airway infections? Upper airway infections
affect the larynx and above, while lower airway infections affect the larynx and below.
What does "edema" refer to? The accumulation of fluid in the body.
What defines Acute Pulmonary Edema (PE)? A condition where there is abnormal fluid
accumulation in the lungs.
Which signs and symptoms are typically associated with acute pulmonary edema? Shortness of
breath (SOB), cyanosis, pink frothy sputum, pale complexion, diaphoresis, restlessness, anxiety, difficulty
breathing while lying flat, and waking up breathless.
What are some common causes of acute pulmonary edema? Severe respiratory distress,
inadequate heart pumping, and a weakened left ventricle that ejects less blood than the right side.
How is acute pulmonary edema treated? Administer 15 lpm of oxygen via non-rebreather mask
(NRB), suction secretions, and transport in a comfortable position.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) results from long-term damage to the lungs and airways.
What is the main cause of this condition? It is most commonly caused by smoking.
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,What are the two most common types of COPD? Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
What are the common abnormal breath sounds heard in COPD patients? Rhonchi and wheezing.
What is the primary method for diagnosing COPD? Listening to lung sounds, blood tests, and
chest x-rays.
What medications are commonly used to treat COPD? Bronchodilator inhalers, nebulizers, oxygen
therapy, and steroids.
What is emphysema, and how does it affect the lungs? Emphysema is a chronic condition that
causes damage to the alveoli, resulting in air trapping and reduced lung elasticity.
What are the key symptoms of emphysema? Shortness of breath, difficulty exhaling, cyanosis,
barrel-shaped chest, fatigue, weight loss, and a mild cough.
What condition is characterized by an acute spasm of the bronchioles? Asthma.
What are the typical signs and symptoms of asthma? Wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath,
rapid shallow breathing, sweating, and chest tightness.
What is the standard treatment for asthma attacks? Reducing triggers, using an inhaler, and
administering IV medications.
How is pneumonia defined, and what impact does it have on the lungs? Pneumonia is an
inflammation of the lungs caused by infection, filling the alveoli with fluid and impairing oxygen
exchange.
What are the common symptoms of pneumonia? Fever, chills, chest pain, and shortness of
breath.
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, What causes spontaneous pneumothorax, and how does it affect the lungs? It is caused by
trauma or underlying medical conditions, leading to an accumulation of air in the pleural space.
What are the signs of pneumothorax? Shortness of breath, sharp chest pain on one side, and
absent or reduced breath sounds on the affected side.
How can anaphylactic reactions impact a person with asthma? An allergen can trigger an asthma
attack, potentially causing severe respiratory distress.
definitive care what the patient needs
Defibrillation The administration of an electric shock to the heart of a patient who is experiencing
a high regular heartbeat, known as ventricular fibrillation
where should a patient be transported? to the closest appropriate medical facility
scoop stretcher hip fracture
Transport A patient's condition requires care by medical professionals, but speed getting the
patient to a medical facility is not the most important factor
Prompt Transport when a patient's condition is serious enough that the patient needs to be taken
to an appropriate medical facility in a very short period of time
Rapid Transport when EMS personnel or unable to give the patient in adequate life-saving care in
the field
subjective what they tell you
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