Essay plans I made during finals that go by the mark scheme that may come up. I used past paper questions and made essay plans on the following questions:
-compare and contrast mitochondrial and chloroplast structure for ATP synthesis
-write a comparative analysis of initiating transcription in e...
compare and contract mitochondrial and chloroplast structure
mitochondria: double membrane; found in eukaryotic cells; inner
membrane folds inwards to form cristae, increases surface area for ATP
synthesis; matrix is within inner membrane (where Krebs cycle occurs,
producing electron carriers NADH +FADH2);carriers shuttle electrons to
electron transport chain (ETC) embedded in inner membrane; as electrons
pass through ETC, protons pumped from matric into intermembrane
space; creating electrochemical gradient; ATP synthase utilizes gradient to
synthesize ATP through chemiosmosis
chloroplast: exclusive to plant cells +some protists; contain stacks of
thylakoid membranes, forming grana-where light dependent reactions
occur; chlorophyll absorbs light energy; used to split H2O molecules;
releasing O+ electrons; these electrons pass through electron transport
chain embedded in thylakoid membrane; creates proton gradient across
membrane; ATP synthase utilizes gradient; produces ATP during
photophosphorylation; ATP + NADPH produced during light dependent
reactions; are used in Calvin cycle, occurring in stroma; synthesises carbs
comparison: both possess inner membranes with electron transport
chains that generate proton gradient for ATP synthesis; mitochondria
evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria; capable of aerobic respiration; while
chloroplasts originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria; capable of
photosynthesis; mitochondria in nearly all eukaryotic cells; whereas
chloroplasts are confine to photosynthetic organisms.
Crucial role of mitochondria in ATP production
Oxidation phosphorylation: occurs in inner membrane; ETC (electron
transport chain) complexes IIV; transfer electrons derived from NADH +
FADH2 to molecular O; leading to establishment of proton gradient across
inner membrane; proton gradient drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase
(complex V) through chemiosmosis
ATP synthesis and cellular energy production: ATP synthesis by
mitochondria chiral for sustaining cellular energy demands; ATP serves as
universal energy currency; provides necessary energy for cellular
processes, e.g. biosynthesis; muscle contractions; active transport;
without ATP, eukaryotic cell wouldn’t be able to maintain essential
metabolic activities required for survival and function.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and disease: dysfunction in mitochondrial ATP
production can lead to severe consequences for cellular and organismal
health; mitochondrial diseases, characterised by defects in oxidative
phosphorylation, manifest as wide range of clinical symptoms affecting
tissues with high energy demands; e.g. Brain, heart, skeletal muscle;
understanding role of mitochondria in ATP production is clinical; enhancing
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